Subcritical Water for the Extraction and Hydrolysis of Protein and Other Fractions in Biorefineries from Agro-food Waste
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REVIEW
Subcritical Water for the Extraction and Hydrolysis of Protein and Other Fractions in Biorefineries from Agro-food Wastes and Algae: a Review Milena Álvarez-Viñas 1 & Paula Rodríguez-Seoane 1 & Noelia Flórez-Fernández 1 & Ma Dolores Torres 1 & Beatriz Díaz-Reinoso 2 & Andrés Moure 1 & Herminia Domínguez 1 Received: 3 July 2020 / Accepted: 29 September 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Low-cost plant and algal biomass are increasingly demanded as a source of proteins, and also, peptides and amino acids are gaining interest for their biological and functional properties. The reduction in chemicals, time and energy, and the integral valorization of the raw materials in the framework of biorefineries are major concerns in the development of environmentally friendly processes. Subcritical water technology is an efficient green technique useful both for extraction and for hydrolysis of protein and other fractions (lipid, carbohydrates, phenolics). However, adequate selection of operational conditions is needed in order both to maximize their extraction yield and to avoid degradation into monomeric units and decomposition products. This review summarizes the major features of subcritical water–based processes for the extraction/hydrolysis of protein. In order to valorizate other valuable fractions from agro-food wastes and algal biomass, optimal conditions should be established as a compromise solution. Alternatively, stagewise operation to sequentially obtain the target fractions could be desirable. Keywords Biorefinery . Low-cost protein sources . Protein and peptides . Carbohydrates . Phenolics
Introduction In a scenery where the need for renewable and sustainable sources of proteins is growing, but the animal protein production has a high environmental impact, the vegetarian population increases, and some alternative sources such as food grade insects are not universally accepted (Pojić et al. 2018), plant and algal proteins are increasingly demanded (Du et al. 2020). Agro-food wastes are generated worldwide and their valorization offers not only a low-cost protein source, but also a solution to an environmental problem. Micro- and macroalgae are advantageous in relation to their rapid growth without requiring land and fertilizers.
* Herminia Domínguez [email protected] 1
Departamento de Enxeñería Química, Universidade de Vigo (Campus Ourense), Edificio Politécnico, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain
2
CITI-Universidade de Vigo, Parque Tecnolóxico de Galicia, Rúa Galicia n° 2, 32900 Ourense, Spain
The term peptides refer to those compounds with 2–20 amino acid residues, which in addition to their nutritional value present a variety of physiological activities and are named bioactive peptides (Hou et al. 2017; Baig et al. 2018; Bhandari et al. 2020). Bioactive peptides are more bioavailable and less allergenic when compared with total proteins, or high-molecular-weight polypeptides, usually with more than 70 amino acid residues. Their pharmacological use, eit
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