Supercritical CO 2 Impregnation of Piper divaricatum Essential Oil in Fish ( Cynoscion acoupa ) Skin Gelatin Films
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Supercritical CO2 Impregnation of Piper divaricatum Essential Oil in Fish (Cynoscion acoupa) Skin Gelatin Films Gilciane Américo Albuquerque 1 & Fernanda Wariss Figueiredo Bezerra 1 & Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira 2 & Wanessa Almeida da Costa 3 & Raul Nunes de Carvalho Junior 1 & Maria Regina Sarkis Peixoto Joele 1 Received: 3 June 2020 / Accepted: 14 August 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Films with antioxidant properties using acoupa weakfish skin gelatin (Cynoscion acoupa) were obtained after supercritical solvent impregnation with Piper divaricatum essential oil, in order to produce active food packaging. The impregnation process was carried out using CO2 as supercritical solvent, in an autoclave, at 35 °C, pressures of 100, 150, and 200 bar, and times of 60, 90, and 120 min. The film that presented the highest percentage of antioxidant activity was obtained at 100 bar and 60 min (41.63 ± 1.6%). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the essential oil had a heterogeneous distribution within the film, confirming its impregnation. The analysis of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that the structural properties of the film changed after the process, in which the interaction of the essential oil and the film proteins was confirmed. Impregnation resulted in a film presenting less tensile resistance, greater flexibility, and greater opacity when compared with control film. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that thermal stability decreased after the impregnation process. The film obtained presented characteristics that suggest its potential as an active packaging for food products. Keywords Supercritical solvent impregnation . Active films . Cynoscion acoupa . Piper divaricatum . Carbon dioxide
Introduction Biodegradable packaging represents an alternative to minimize the environmental impact caused by conventional petroleum-based polymers. Among the biopolymers used, marine-derived gelatin (coldwater and warmwater fish skin, fins, and bones), especially that derived from fish skin, has been pointed as a promising material to produce biodegradable films, since it presents important filmogenic properties,
* Gilciane Américo Albuquerque [email protected] 1
Program of Post-Graduation in Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Para, Rua Augusto Corrêa S/N, Guamá, Belem, Pará 66075-900, Brazil
2
Coordination of Botany-Adolpho Ducke Laboratory, Research Campus - Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Av. Perimetral, 1901 Terra Firme, Belem, Pará 66077-830, Brazil
3
Program of Post-Graduation in Natural Resources Engineering, Federal University of Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa S/N, Guamá, Belem, Pará 66075-900, Brazil
great nutritious value, and low cost (Azeredo 2009; Martucci et al. 2015). Cynoscion acoupa (Lacepède, 1802) is a marine species of Sciaenidae family, widely distributed in the west of South Atlantic, between Panama and Argentina (Cervigón et al. 1993). In Brazil, this species is one of the most
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