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CONTENTS I. 11. A. B. C.

D.

III. A. B. C.

D. IV. A.

B. C. D. E. F. G. V. VI.

Introduction.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Superoxide Disrnutases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Catalytic Reactions......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SüD Gene Farnilies and Evolution. . . . . . . . .. 1. Two Distinct SüD Gene Farnilies. . . . . . . . . 2. MnSüD............................... 3. CuZnSüD............................. SüD Mutant Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Irnportance of Mutant Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Sensitivity to üxidative Stress. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Aerobic Auxotrophy.................... 4. Increased Spontaneous Mutation Rates. . . . . 5. Sensitivity to Ionizing Radiation. . . . . . . . . . 6. Gene Substitution Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Catalases.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reaction and Biological Ro1e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Structure................................. The Genetics and Biology of Catalases frorn Saccharomyces cerevisiae and üther Fungi. . . . 1. Saccharomyces cerevisiae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Neurospora crassa and Aspergillus niger. . . . 3. Fungal Peroxisornal Catalases. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Penicillium vitale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Catalase Gene Farnily . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Regulation of Catalase and Superoxide Dismutase Expression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Factors Important in Regulation and Coregulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . üxygen and Agents of üxidative Stress. . . . . . . Heme.................................... Carbon Source. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . Metal Ion Availability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . üther Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Age Mutants of Neurospora crassa . . . . . . . . . . . SüD and Catalase Genetic Summary. .. . . . . . . Conclusions... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

191 192 192 192 192 192 193 195 195 195 196 196 197 197 197 198 198 198 198 198 199 199 200 200 201 201 201 202 202 203 204 205 205 205 205

I. Introduction The past two decades have produced a renaissance and tremendous growth in the study of the toxie effects of oxygen on living organisms. The Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA

1

subject of oxygen toxicity in fact has become a large subdiscipline of biology. The current state of this field owes much to the discovery of bovine copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (McCord and Fridovich 1969) and to a subsequent proposal that the intracellular production of superoxide (Oz-) is a major mediator of oxygen toxicity in aerobic organisms (McCord et al. 1971). Additional interest in this field has been stimulated by the i

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