Synergistic effect of chelators and Herbaspirillum sp. GW103 on lead phytoextraction and its induced oxidative stress in
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Synergistic effect of chelators and Herbaspirillum sp. GW103 on lead phytoextraction and its induced oxidative stress in Zea mays Muthusamy Govarthanan1 · Seralathan Kamala‑Kannan1 · Seol Ah Kim1 · Young‑Seok Seo1 · Jung‑Hee Park1 · Byung‑Taek Oh1
Received: 30 December 2015 / Revised: 21 April 2016 / Accepted: 26 April 2016 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016
Abstract Phytoremediation is an in situ, low-cost strategy for cleanup of the sites contaminated with heavy metals. Experiments were conducted to assess the impact of synthetic chelators and plant growth-promoting rhizosphere bacteria (Herbaspirillum sp. GW103) on heavy metal lead (Pb) uptake in Z. mays cultivated in Pb-contaminated soil. The present study investigated the Pb phytoaccumulation rate and plant antioxidant enzyme activities in Z. mays exposed to 100 mg/kg of PbNO3. The combination of gluconic acid (GA) with Herbaspirillum sp. GW103 treatment showed higher Pb solubility (18.9 mg/kg) compared with other chelators. The chemical chelators showed the significant difference in phytoaccumulation as well as antioxidant enzyme activities. The antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities changed under Pb stress. The study indicated that increased activity of antioxidant enzymes may play as signal inducers to fight against Pb. Keywords Antioxidant · Stress · Metals · Bioremediation · Chelators
Communicated by Erko Stackebrandt. * Muthusamy Govarthanan [email protected] * Byung‑Taek Oh [email protected] 1
Division of Biotechnology, Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 570 752, South Korea
Introduction The practice of modern industrialization causes environmental imbalances due to the discharging of pollutants in the ecosystem (Govarthanan et al. 2015a, b). Heavy metals are the primary pollutants, which are normally found in the soil and water ecosystem. Toxicity and pollution is one of the major environmental problems because of its increasing level caused mainly by anthropogenic activities. The continuous discharging of heavy metals into the soil can cause serious problems to the ecosystem. Among the heavy metals, lead is relatively mobile in the soils and is one of the most toxic metals. Several studies and reviews reported the Pb toxicity and its high environmental persistence (Govarthanan et al. 2013). Bioremediation of heavy metals which has been emerging is an innovative technology for cleaning up contaminated soil and maintaining the pollution free environment. Several studies have reported the physicochemical methods of remediation and its disadvantages (Yang et al. 2008; Ok et al. 2011). Bioremediation, particularly phytoremediation using plants, is an eco-friendly and efficient method for the removal of metals (Shin et al. 2012). Among phytoremediation, phytoextraction of heavy metals from contaminated soils has been receiving great attention. Metal hyper-accumulator plants have
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