Synthetic Nitrogen Products
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Nitrogen products are among the most important chemicals produced in the world today. The largest quantities are used as fertilizers, but nitrogen products also find very important uses in the manufacture of nylon and acrylic fibers, methacrylate and other plastics, foamed insulation and plastics, metal plating, gold mining, animal feed supplements, and herbicides. NITROGEN Characteristics
Nitrogen is colorless, odorless and slightly lighter than air with a density of 0.967 (air= 1.0). Some people consider nitrogen to be one of the most dangerous gases. This is because a person in an atmosphere of nitrogen can lose consciousness without any warning symptoms in as little as 20 sec. Death can follow in 3-4 min. One deep breath of 100 percent nitrogen can be fatal because nitrogen will displace carbon dioxide in the body completely. In
*Senior Engineer, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Memphis, Tennessee.
s
Riegel Handbook of Industrial Chemistry, 1Oth Edition
Edited by Kent. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York 2003
the absence of a carbon dioxide signal to the brain, breathing stops. No one should work in or enter atmospheres containing less than 19.5 percent oxygen, unless equipped with a self-contained breathing apparatus or a breathing air mask. This is also true of rescue personnel who can be overcome by the same oxygen-deficient atmosphere as the initial victim. 39 The properties of nitrogen are listed in Table 29.1. Although the ability of nitrogen to easily unite with other elements is quite limited, it does form some interesting compounds. When nitrogen combines with certain elements, it produces dyes that rival the rainbow in the brilliance of their colors. With other elements, nitrogen forms drugs such as morphine, quinine, and acetanilid that ease pain and combat diseases. With other compounds, nitrogen forms some of our most powerful explosives such as nitroglycerin and guncotton. Nitrogen can also be used to make some very deadly compounds such as ptomaines. Some nitrogen compounds provide pleasant-tasting flavors and sweet perfumes, while others are so vile in taste and odor that they are beyond description. In nitric acid, we find nitrogen in a strong 1157
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RIEGEL'S HANDBOOK OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY
TABLE 29.1 Nitrogen
Physical Properties of Value
Property
Molecular weight Boiling point, oc ("F) Freezing point, oc (°F) Critical temperature, oc (°F) Critical pressure, kPa (psi) Critical volume, cclg-mol
14.0067 -195.8 (- 320.5) -209.86 (- 346.0) -146.95 ( -232.4) 3393 (492.3) 89.5
Specific heat 20°C and 14 7 psia cP (BTUI!b °F) cv (BTU/lb °F) 21 oc (JI(kg-K)
0.247 0.176 1.046
k = c/cv
1.41
Heat of formation of gas, •H, (kJimol) Heat of fusion at melting point Jig Heat of vaporization at boiling point Jig BTUlib Solubility in water, g N2 per 100 g Hp at 760 mm
ooc
0.3604 25.6 199 85.5
20°C 40°C 60°C
0.00239 0.00189 0.00139 0.00105
Specific gravity Relative to air -195.8°C (Liquid)
0.967 0.808
-252°C (Solid)
Specific volume (70°F and I atm), ft31lb Density, kglm
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