Target-site resistance to neonicotinoids
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Target-site resistance to neonicotinoids Andrew J. Crossthwaite & Stefano Rendine & Marco Stenta & Russell Slater
Received: 2 April 2014 / Accepted: 29 June 2014 / Published online: 17 July 2014 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014
Abstract Neonicotinoid insecticides selectively target the invertebrate nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and disrupt excitatory cholinergic neurotransmission. First launched over 20 years ago, their broad pest spectrum, variety of application methods and relatively low risk to nontarget organisms have resulted in this class dominating the insecticide market with global annual sales in excess of $3.5 bn. This remarkable commercial success brings with it conditions in the field that favour selection of resistant phenotypes. A number of important pest species have been identified with mutations at the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor associated with insensitivity to neonicotinoids. The detailed characterization of these mutations has facilitated a greater understanding of the invertebrate nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Keywords Neonicotinoid . Nicotinic . Resistance . Target . Site The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) is a ligandgated ion channel responsible for mediating excitatory cholinergic neurotransmission in the central nervous system of invertebrates and is the target site for the neonicotinoid
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12154-014-0116-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. A. J. Crossthwaite (*) Biological Sciences, Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta Crop Protection, Bracknell RG42 6EY, UK e-mail: [email protected] S. Rendine : M. Stenta Insecticide Chemistry, Werk Stein, Syngenta Crop Protection, CH4332 Schaffhauserstrasse, Stein, Switzerland R. Slater Biological Sciences, Werk Stein, Syngenta Crop Protection, CH4332 Schaffhauserstrasse, Stein, Switzerland
insecticides. The neonicotinoids, along with spinosyns and nereistoxin analogues, are the three principal classes of insecticides that mediate their effect by disrupting the normal physiological workings of the nAChR [1]. Of these, the systemically delivered neonicotinoids are by far the most commercially successful, with annual global sales in excess of $3.7 billion [2]. First introduced to the market in 1991, the neonicotinoids rapidly established themselves over older chemistry classes such as organophosphates and carbamates, due to their favourable safety profile, wide pest spectrum and multiple application methods. In total, there are now eight insecticides commercialized with a neonicotinoid mode of action, with further examples in development [1, 3]. Thiamethoxam and imidacloprid dominate the market, accounting for approximately two-thirds of total sales [4]. Neonicotinoids are highly potent on hemipteran sap-feeding insects (e.g. aphids, whiteflies, hoppers, scales, etc.) but also used to control a range of foliar-feeding insects (e.g. Colorado potato beetle
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