Taxonomic profiling and functional characterization of the healthy human oral bacterial microbiome from the north Indian
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Taxonomic profiling and functional characterization of the healthy human oral bacterial microbiome from the north Indian urban sub‑population Digvijay Verma1 · Ankita Srivastava1 · Pankaj Kumar Garg2 · Yusuf Akhter3 · Ashok Kumar Dubey4 · SukhDev Mishra5 · S. V. S. Deo6 Received: 18 August 2020 / Revised: 26 September 2020 / Accepted: 6 October 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Poor oral health has broad consequences that can be seen at personal as well as societal levels, especially in developing countries like India. We have limited information on the healthy oral cavity’s inhabitant microorganisms that play a crucial role in overall oral health. In a comprehensive culture-independent approach, the bacterial composition of healthy human oral cavities was determined from a sub-population of northern India. During this study, 20 mouthwash-derived metagenomes were explored for identifying bacterial diversity using the 16S rRNA hypervariable V3 region with the MiSeq Illumina platform. On the taxonomy assignment of operational taxonomic units (OTUs), 20 assigned phyla and 162 genera were recovered among the participants. The mean relative abundance revealed that Streptococcus was the dominant genera among the participants. However, at inter-individual analysis, Neisseria and Haemophilus exhibited first-order dominance among five and three healthy individuals, respectively. Correlation studies indicate that Streptococcus shares a strong relationship with Rothia, Corynebacterium, Prevotella, and Veillonella, whereas it was negatively correlated with Neisseria, Aggregatibacter, Porphyromonas, and Fusobacteria like Gram-negative bacteria. Bacterial diversity showed insignificant differences at the level of age and gender within and between the participants. The results support several of the major findings of previous reports on the healthy oral microbiome of the Indian population, however, the present investigation further illustrates that demographic region leaves an impact on overall bacterial composition. The study will assist in a better understanding of the oral microbiome from region-specific Indian population that was otherwise highly under-represented. Keywords Oral microbiome · 16S rRNA · Mouthwash · Next-generation sequencing · Bacterial ecology
Introduction
Communicated by Erko Stackebrandt. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-020-02084-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Digvijay Verma [email protected] 1
Department of Microbiology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India
2
Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttrakhand, India
3
Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India
Oral health and hygiene have been recognized as an integral part of general health care by the World Health Organization (Gambhir et al. 2016). In d
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