Composition and functional characterization of the gut microbiome of freshwater pufferfish ( Tetraodon cutcutia )
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Composition and functional characterization of the gut microbiome of freshwater pufferfish (Tetraodon cutcutia) Sushanta Deb1 · Lipika Das1 · Subrata K. Das1 Received: 22 April 2020 / Revised: 10 July 2020 / Accepted: 22 July 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This study describes the community composition and functions of the gut microbiome of the freshwater omnivorous pufferfish based on metagenomic approach. Metagenome sequence data showed a dominance of the class Gammaproteobacteria followed by Fusobacteria, Actinobacteria, Anerolineae, Betaproteobacteria, Deinococci, Clostridia and Deltaproteobacteria. At the order level, the most abundant groups were Aeromonadales, Fusobacteriales, Enterobacterales, Synechococcales. The genus Aeromonas was the most predominant followed by Plesiomonas and Cetobacterium. Additionally, within the domain Archaea, class Methanomicrobia was most abundant followed by Hadesarchaea, Thermoplasmata, Candidatus Altiarchaeales, Candidatus Bathyarchaeota and Thermoprotei. The metabolic profile of the bacterial community exhibited a high prevalence of genes associated with core housekeeping functions, such as synthesis of cofactors, vitamins, prosthetic groups, pigments, amino acids and its derivatives, carbohydrate and protein metabolism. Comparative analysis with other fish gut microbiome showing similarity in protein metabolism with carnivorous Salmon and carbohydrate metabolism with herbivorous grass carp respectively. This study describes the bacterial community compositions are influenced by the trophic level. Keywords Tetraodon cutcutia · Gut microbiome · Metagenomic analysis · Community composition · Functional analysis
Introduction Pufferfish belong to the order Tetraodontiformes with various local names such as toadfish, globefish, blowfish, Patkafish, balloonfish, and Fugu. Very little is known about freshwater pufferfish (Tetraodon cutcutia) found in different parts of India viz., Assam, Bihar, Meghalaya, Odisha and West Bengal (Chaudhry 2010). The length of an adult fish ranges between 5.0 and 6.0 cm with an average length of 5.5-cm. Pufferfish are omnivorous and have benthic habitat (Rossi et al. 2017). Pufferfish (Tetraodon cutcutia) produces a toxin that leads to dizziness, vomiting, rapid heart rate, decrease Communicated by Erko Stackebrandt. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-020-01997-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Subrata K. Das [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar 751023, India
blood pressure and muscle paralysis (Zaman et al. 1997). Several deaths were reported from Bangladesh, Singapore, Hong Kong and Australia due to pufferfish toxicity (Ahasan et al. 2004). The reason could be the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX) producing bacteria such as Aeromonas, Alteromonas, Actinomyces, Bacillus, Pseudomonas,
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