Thai version of the foot function index: a cross-cultural adaptation with reliability and validity evaluation
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Thai version of the foot function index: a cross-cultural adaptation with reliability and validity evaluation Sunee Bovonsunthonchai1* , Suthasinee Thong-On1 , Roongtiwa Vachalathiti1 , Warinda Intiravoranont2 , Sarawut Suwannarat2 and Richard Smith3
Abstract Background: The study aimed to translate the foot function index (FFI) questionnaire to Thai and to determine psychometric properties of the questionnaire among individuals with plantar foot complaints. Methods: The Thai version of the FFI (FFI-Th) was adapted according to a forward and backward translation protocol by two independent translators and analyzed by a linguist and a committee. The FFI-Th was administered among 49 individuals with plantar foot complaints to determine internal consistency, reliability, and validity. Cronbach’s alpha and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC3,1) were used to test the internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The Principal Component Analysis with varimax rotation method was used to test the factor structure and construct validity. Furthermore, the criterion validity was tested using Pearson’s correlation coefficient (rp) between the FFI-Th and the visual analogue pain scale (pain-VAS) as well as the EuroQol five-dimensional questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L). Results: The FFI-Th showed good to excellent internal consistency and test-retest reliability in the total score, pain, disability, and activity limitation subscales. The Principal Component Analysis produced 4 principal factors from the FFI-Th items. Criterion validity of the FFI-Th total score showed moderate to strong correlations with pain-VAS and EQ-5D-5L, and EQ-VAS scores. Conclusion: The FFI-Th was a reliable and valid questionnaire to assess the foot function in a Thai population. Trial registration: NCT03161314 (08/05/2017). Keywords: Foot function index, Cross-cultural adaptation, Validity, Reliability
Background Feet are an important structure used for transmitting forces to the ground when performing weight-bearing activities in daily life. While walking, structures and composites of the foot contribute the function as an absorber for the forces, an adaptor to uneven surfaces, and a facilitator to push the body forward. The occurrence of * Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Faculty of Physical Therapy, Mahidol University, 999 Phuttamonthon 4 Rd., Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
foot pain disrupts biomechanical functions, leading to impaired mobility and balance, increased risk of fall and decreased independence [1–4]. Therefore, foot problems may eventually lead to injuries in other regions such as the knees, hips, pelvis and back. Foot pain can occur among both sexes and across all age ranges [4, 5]. It has been associated with the advancing of age, female sex, obesity, diabetes, falls, depression, disability and pain from other body parts [1, 5–10]. It has been ranked 9th of the musculoskeletal problems after the lo
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