The effect of gum chewing on blood GLP-1 concentration in fasted, healthy, non-obese men
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
The effect of gum chewing on blood GLP-1 concentration in fasted, healthy, non-obese men Jianping Xu1 • Xinhua Xiao1 • Yuxiu Li1 • Jia Zheng1 • Wenhui Li1 Qian Zhang1 • Zhixin Wang1
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Received: 7 September 2014 / Accepted: 27 February 2015 Ó The Author(s) 2015. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
Abstract We evaluated the effect of chewing on blood GLP-1 concentration by having volunteers to chew sugarless gum. Our intention was to explore the neural mechanisms regulating the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1). After fasting for 12 h, 12 healthy male, non-obese volunteers (18 \ BMI \ 30), were asked to chew sugarless gum at a frequency of 80 times every 2 min for a total of 30 min. Blood samples were collected before the start of chewing and 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 min after the start of chewing. Satiety and hunger were evaluated on a scale from 0 to 100 at each time point. Compared with the control group, the test group’s satiety was increased at 15, 25, and 30 min (p = 0.043, p = 0.014 and p = 0.018, respectively) after they began chewing sugarless gum 80 times every 2 min. The blood GLP-1 level of the test group at 30 min was 49.6 ± 20.3 pmol/l, significantly higher than that of the control group (38.9 ± 20.9 pmol/l; p = 0.031). There was no significant difference in the test group’s GLP-1 concentration at each time point. In the control group, compared to baseline, the GLP-1 concentrations at 15, 25, and 30 min were significantly decreased (p = 0.042, p = 0.0214 and p = 0.012, respectively). No significant differences in the blood concentration of glucose, insulin and GIP or hunger were observed between groups. Our study suggests that fasting sugarless gum chewing can increase satiety and reduce the decrease in GLP-1 concentration.
& Xinhua Xiao [email protected] 1
Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Beijing 100730, China
Keywords Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) Chewing Blood glucose Insulin Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)
Introduction GLP-1 is synthesized in and secreted from enteroendocrine L cells that were found throughout the small and large intestine [1]. The constant basal secretion of GLP-1 from enteroendocrine cells is rapidly augmented by the ingestion of luminal nutrients, including carbohydrates, fats, and proteins [2]. GLP-1 is extremely susceptible to the catalytic activity of the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DDP-IV) [3]. Only approximately 10–15 % of newly secreted GLP-1 enters the systemic circulation in its intact form [4]. This insulinotropic activity has been applied to the treatment of type 2 diabetic patients in the form of a new class of antidiabetic agents comprised GLP-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidylpeptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors [5]. Mastication, which serves the physiological function of mechanically breaking food down into small parti
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