The effect of Pediococcus acidilactici on mucosal immune responses, growth, and reproductive performance in zebrafish (
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The effect of Pediococcus acidilactici on mucosal immune responses, growth, and reproductive performance in zebrafish (Danio rerio) Mojtaba Mohammadi Arani & Amir Parviz Salati Saeed Keyvanshokooh & Omid Safari
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Received: 19 February 2020 / Accepted: 17 November 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract A completely randomized experimental design carried out to investigate the effects of different levels of Pediococcus acidilactici (PA) including 0 (basal diet as a control diet), 1 × 106, 2 × 106, 4 × 106, and 8 × 106 colony-forming unit (CFU) per gram of the diet for 60 days on the mucosal immunity responses, growth, and reproductive performance, in zebrafish, Danio rerio (with mean weigh ± SE: 120 ± 10 mg). The obtained results revealed that the best growth and reproduction indices were related to the concentration of 4 × 106 CFU PA g−1 diet (P < 0.05). The maximum activities of mucosal immune responses including total protein, alternative complement system, IgM, and lysozyme were observed in the fish fed with 4 × 106 CFU PA g−1 diet (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the maximum alkaline phosphatase activity of skin mucus was recorded in the fish fed with 8 × 106 CFU PA g−1 diet (P < 0.05). Fish fed with 4 × 106 CFU PA g−1 diet had the highest villus length and width of the intestine M. M. Arani : A. P. Salati (*) : S. Keyvanshokooh Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Natural Resources, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran e-mail: [email protected] M. M. Arani Agricultural Research, Educating and Extension Organization, Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Training Center, Isfahan, Iran O. Safari Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
(P < 0.05). Supplementing the diet with 4 × 106 CFU PA g−1 diet more significantly enhanced Cyp19a gene expression in comparison with this in other groups. Hence, PA with a concentration of 4 × 106 CFU g−1 diet can be considered as a proper level of probiotic for improving the health, growth, and reproductive performance of the D. rerio. Keywords Reproduction . Mucosal immunity . Pediococcus acidilactici . Zebrafish
Introduction Fuller (1989) described probiotics as living microorganisms that increase growth and promote health and immunity of the host by adjusting the microbial biota of the digestive system. For fish farming, the most beneficial effects of probiotics reside in its ability to enhance the immune system and growth of fish. Probiotic bacteria have the ability to vitamin synthesis, production of short-chain fatty acids via fermentation as an energy resource, and the increase of enzymatic activity for fish larvae and spawners that may improve feed digestibility, growth, and reproduction performance (Elumalaia et al. 2020; Van Doan et al. 2019; Ashouri et al. 2019; Ringø 1998). It has been reported that probiotics also improve reproduction, survival rate, and final weight of the larva (Ghosh et al. 2007; Carnevali et al. 2016) and i
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