The effect of using imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos and their nanoforms on certain characteristics of honeybee Apis mellif
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE
The effect of using imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos and their nanoforms on certain characteristics of honeybee Apis mellifera L. M. S. El-Masarawy 1 & H. M. El-Bendary 2 & Alexandra Magdalina Ahmed El-Helaly 1 Received: 8 May 2020 / Accepted: 23 September 2020 # African Association of Insect Scientists 2020
Abstract This study was conducted in the apiary of Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt, to examine and determine the effect of Imidacloprid & Chlorpyrifos and their nano compounds on certain morphological characteristics of honeybee workers. This study proved that: Chlorpyrifos and nano-chlorpyrifos compounds showed more toxicity and harmful than Imidacloprid and nano-imidacloprid towards honeybee workers, especially on body balling extent and mouthparts out & straight by percentages 80.27% and 78.71% for nano-chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos, respectively. Imidacloprid and its nano form had the same effect approximately for body balling, legs shrinkage and abdomen length. In contrast, nano-imidacloprid recorded the lowest damage on honeybee wings horizontality and mouthparts out & straight by percentages 46.40% and 16.92%, respectively. Also, only nano-chlorpyrifos showed negative and significantly effect on abdomen length of honeybee worker by value 0.48 cm. Keywords Honeybee . Pollinators . Imidacloprid . Chlorpyrifos . Nano . Insecticide
Introduction Honeybee “Apis mellifera” is considered one of the most important pollinators for many crops in the world. As well as, it has a tangible impact by produce many products such as honey, royal jelly, pollen, wax and propolis. Also, maintaining the ecosystem balance (Suchail et al. 2000; El-Masarawy 2010). But, on the other hand the over and unjust using of different types of pesticides makes an evident decrease of bee density (McLaughlin and Mineau 1995; Potts et al. 2010; Van Dijk et al. 2013). So, this led to occurrence unusual phenomenon called colony collapse disorder or “colony losses” (Neumann and Carreck 2010). Many reasons caused to this phenomenon, pesticides are considered one of them (Belzunces et al. 2012; Sandrock et al. 2014). Imidacloprid (1-(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-Nnitroimidazolidin-2-ylideneamine) is a remarkable insecticide versus many pests, especially sucking ones, and it * Alexandra Magdalina Ahmed El-Helaly [email protected] 1
Department of Economic Entomology & Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
2
Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
considered the most commonly compound used from chloronicotinyl group, it’s exists as a nitroguanidine systemic molecule. Mode of action of imidacloprid is directly effect on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of insects (Buckingham et al. 1997; Bicker 1999). Also, Imidacloprid used by a widely range scale like seed dressing and spraying. However, the negative side effects of these applications showed harmful and toxic effect for honeybee workers, those poisoned either with the original
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