The influences of hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide on lanthanum titanate photocatalyst for ofloxacin degradation
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ORIGINAL PAPER: SOL-GEL AND HYBRID MATERIALS FOR CATALYTIC, PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL AND SENSOR APPLICATIONS
The influences of hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide on lanthanum titanate photocatalyst for ofloxacin degradation Ming Han1 Zheng Ma1 Wenjie Zhang1 Hong Wang1 ●
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Received: 17 March 2020 / Accepted: 7 June 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The use of template to introduce porous structure in titanate is a novel research topic, especially if photocatalytic activity of the material can be improved. The porous lanthanum titanate photocatalyst was synthesized using hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (HTAB) as the template in a sol–gel route. The addition of HTAB in the precursor could obviously influence the porous structure and surface morphology of the lanthanum titanate samples. All the samples were composed of perovskite La2Ti2O7, and crystallization of La2Ti2O7 was reduced with rising HTAB concentration. There was a slight enlargement in the band gap energy after using HTAB, and the chemical environments of the elements in the porous lanthanum titanate samples did not change. The enhancement in photocatalytic degradation efficiency was achieved on the lanthanum titanate samples obtained using HTAB. The first order reaction rate constants were increased from 0.0131 min−1 of the nonporous sample to 0.0253 min−1 of the porous sample. All the ofloxacin molecules were degraded on the porous lanthanum titanate sample after 120 min of reaction. Decomposition of ofloxacin in photocatalytic process was identified by the reduced absorption intensities of the organic groups in the UV–Vis spectra. Graphical Abstract
* Wenjie Zhang [email protected] * Hong Wang [email protected] 1
School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang 110159, China
Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology
Keywords
Lanthanum titanate Photocatalytic degradation Hexadecyl trimethyl Ammonium bromide Ofloxacin ●
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Highlights HTAB-mediated sol–gel route was used to synthesize the porous lanthanum titanate. ● The intercrystal pores were produced in the samples when HTAB was removed. ● The crystallite size of the La2Ti2O7 decreased with rising HTAB concentration. ● Enhanced degradation efficiency was achieved on the samples obtained using HTAB. ●
1 Introduction With increasing concern on hazardous organic substances in the environment, wastewater containing hazardous organic pollutants has to be purified before discharging. Besides the traditional wastewater treatment techniques, photocatalytic oxidation of hazardous organic pollutants has been investigated for nearly 50 years [1–3]. Different kinds of organic substances can be removed from the aquatic system through photocatalytic oxidation process [4–6]. Antibiotics are among the most hazardous substances in the environment and can hardly be purified through bio-chemical treatment. Some kinds of antibiotics can be decomposed in photocatalytic process, leading to fully de
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