The initial psychometric properties for the Total Body Developmental Sequences for youth with visual impairments
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The initial psychometric properties for the Total Body Developmental Sequences for youth with visual impairments Ali Brian 1 & Jenna R. Fisher 2 & Sally Taunton Miedema 1 & Adam Pennell 3 & Lauren J. Lieberman 4 Accepted: 24 September 2020/ # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Youth with visual impairments often show difficulties with gross motor skills regardless of age or sex. Gross motor skills support positive developmental trajectories for health warranting the need for assessment. The Total Body Developmental Sequences (TBDS) are fast, easy-to-use, indices of gross motor development with relatively unknown psychometric properties for youth with visual impairments. The primary purpose of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the TBDS with a secondary purpose to evaluate differential effects of biological sex, age, and degree of vision on gross motor skills. Youth with visual impairments (N = 57, ages 9 – 19 years, Boys = 23, Girls = 34) completed the TBDS and the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-3). Results showed good initial Ali Brian and Jenna R. Fisher denotes co-lead authorship
* Ali Brian [email protected] Jenna R. Fisher [email protected] Adam Pennell [email protected] Lauren J. Lieberman [email protected]
1
Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Blatt PE Center, 1300 Wheat Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
2
Department of Kinesiology, Health and Physical Education Teacher Certification Program, West Chester University of Pennsylvania, West Chester, PA, USA
3
Natural Science Division, Seaver College, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, USA
4
Department of Kinesiology, Sports Science, and Physical Education, State University of New York at Brockport, Brockport, NY, USA
Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities
psychometric properties (r = .89, α = .84, p < .001). Furthermore, the participants in this sample showed significant differences in gross motor skills based upon degree of vision (p < .05) but not sex or age (p > .05). The TBDS may now be used as an initial gross motor screening tool for youth with visual impairments. This initial screen (TBDS) is warranted as youth with visual impairments may show arrested development which may be exacerbated with more severe visual impairments. Keywords Fundamental motor skill . Motor development . Gross motor . Blindness .
Assessment Assessment is an important facet for many stakeholders (e.g., teachers, researchers, other practitioners) of children with and without disabilities for a variety of reasons. Assessment in the gross motor domain is particularly important as gross motor skills are known determinants of positive developmental trajectories for health (e.g., Brian et al. 2020a; Stodden et al. 2008). Furthermore, assessment is critical for identification of developmental delays. When practitioners screen for gross motor developmental delays early, children can receive the services they need (e.g., special education, adapted physical e
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