The Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant Primary Annual Gas-Aerosol Emission Analysis
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The Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant Primary Annual Gas-Aerosol Emission Analysis1 D. A. Terentjeva,* a
Ural Federal University Named After First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, Institute of Physics and Technology, Yekaterinburg, 620002 Russia *e-mail: [email protected] Received November 9, 2017; revised November 9, 2017; accepted November 24, 2017
Abstract—The main radionuclides in gas-aerosol emission of NPPs with power-producing units of RBMK1000 type were identified in the article. The comparison was made between the specific values of the annual Leningrad NPP gas-aerosol emission of the first stage and the nuclear power plant emissions of the European Union. The annual effective dose to the critical group of the population in the surrounding area of the Leningrad NPP was evaluated. Key words: radionuclide, radioactive inert gases, aerosols, tritium, carbon-14, RBMK-1000, airborne discharge DOI: 10.1134/S1063778818100174
INTRODUCTION As modern technologies develop and automation of technical processes grows along with digital hardware adaptation, the level of electric energy consumption increases so producing more waste substances of different states. One of them is gas-aerosol emission/ airborne discharge that pollutes the air and environment in general. Such emissions are subject to norm setting and control by the public authorities and international organizations [1, 2]. The main contaminant produced by NPPs functioning in a normal operation mode is the gas-aerosol emission/ airborne discharge that is considered the most unregulated one after the emission. The powerproducing units operation of any NPPs system is accompanied by generation of fission products that consist of hundreds of different radioactive nuclides fissions and activation products of the constructional materials [3]. It is considered that 40 radioactive nuclides min could spread into the air in the form of gas-aerosol mixture [4, 5]. The most significant characteristics for the evaluation of the NPPs radioactive emissions impact are defined by/ depend on/ include: —radionuclide composition; —dimensional distribution; —chemical forms of radioactive nuclides compounds [6]. The above mentioned parameters depend on many factors, such as a type of reactor unit equipment and 1 The article was translated by the authors.
its power efficiency, uranium enrichment level in nuclear fuel elements, performance of limiting barriers and gas and water cleaning systems, servicing time etc. [7]. Gas-aerosol emission is a blending of: —radioactive inert gases (RIG), resulted from uranium fission in nuclear fuel elements, such as Kr and Xe, H-3 and H-3 pair in gaseous state, activation gases (Ar-41, C-14, N-13, N-16), halogens and radioactive substances in solid state (products of fission and activation) [7, 8]; —iodine radioactive nuclide resulted from fission reaction or fission-product decay. Nuclide mass numbers of iodine are I-129, 131, 132, 133, 134 and 135 [7]; —aerosols partially formed by fission products, products of RIG degradat
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