The Physics of Solid Surfaces
The data compiled in this chapter refer to so-called “clean surfaces”, i.e. crystalline surfaces atomically clean crystalline surface that are atomically clean and well characterized. Data on interfaces are dealt with only marginally, in connection with M
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The Physics of 5.2.1 The Structure of Ideal Surfaces............. 979 5.2.1.1 Diagrams of Surfaces [2.2] ........ 979 5.2.1.2 Crystallographic Formulas......... 986 5.2.2 Surface Reconstruction and Relaxation . 5.2.2.1 Definitions and Notation.......... 5.2.2.2 Metals ................................... 5.2.2.3 Semiconductors ......................
986 986 987 987
5.2.3 Electronic Structure of Surfaces ............ 5.2.3.1 Metals ................................... 5.2.3.2 Semiconductors ...................... 5.2.3.3 Magnetic Surfaces ...................
996 997 1003 1007
5.2.4 Surface Phonons................................. 5.2.4.1 Metals ................................... 5.2.4.2 Semiconductors and Insulators ........................ 5.2.4.3 Atom–Surface Potential ...........
1012 1012
5.2.5 The Space Charge Layer at the Surface of a Semiconductor............................. 5.2.5.1 Definitions and Notation.......... 5.2.5.2 Useful Formulas and Numerical Values .............. 5.2.5.3 Surface Conductivity ................
1017 1019 1020 1020 1022 1023
5.2.6 Most Frequently Used Acronyms ........... 1026 References .................................................. 1029
5.2.1 The Structure of Ideal Surfaces An ideal surface is a surface of a half-crystal in which the atoms are held in their original positions. The structure of an ideal surface is identical to that of a parallel crystallographic plane in the bulk. For a 2-D lattice, the elementary Bravais cell can have only one of the five structures shown in Fig. 5.2-1.
5.2.1.1 Diagrams of Surfaces [2.2] Figure 5.2-2 gives diagrams of ideal surfaces for some common faces of the fcc (face-centered cubic), bcc (body-centered cubic), diamond, and zinc blende systems, as well as the coordinates of the atoms of the
first layers of the half-crystal. The atoms are drawn as solid balls with diameters appropriate to close-packed stacking. Atoms in the surface layer are labeled by O, A, B, C, . . . . Atoms in the first, second, third, etc. sublayer are labeled by 1, 2, 3, . . . . When two classes of atoms are present (for example in diamond-like structures), the atoms of the second class are indicated by primed symbols. In such a case, the division of an ideal crystal by a geometrical plane may expose different types of surfaces. A well-known example is the (111) face of NaCl-type crystals, which may be either anion- or cation-terminated.
Part 5 2
The data compiled in this chapter refer to so-called “clean surfaces”, i. e. crystalline surfaces that are atomically clean and well characterized. Data on interfaces are dealt with only marginally, in connection with MOS devices. The values reported in the tables are mainly averages from several different authors. In such cases the errors are given as standard deviations. Reference to the individual measurements and to the original papers is made by referring to larger compilations (mainly the four volumes of Landolt– Börnstein III/24, Physics of Solid Surfaces, [2.1] or the single articles therein [2.2–16]). On the
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