The possible mechanisms of copper resistance in the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pathovars in stone fruit trees
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The possible mechanisms of copper resistance in the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pathovars in stone fruit trees Ahmad Husseini & Ahmet Akköprü
Received: 17 January 2020 / Accepted: 29 June 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract One of the most common diseases affecting Stone-fruits is Bacterial Canker, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (Pss) and morsprunorum (Psm). In this study, Pss and Psm were isolated from stone-fruit trees from the Western Aegean region (WA) and Lake Van Basin (LVB) of Turkey, where pesticide usage is high and low, respectively. We aimed to determine copper resistance levels, the involved resistance mechanisms and the reactions to copper pesticides of these isolates. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and lethal dose 50 (LD50) of the isolates were detected using CuSO4 and other Cu-pesticides. To determine the mechanisms of copper resistance, the presence of copA and cusA genes was investigated. The modified Fe/Cu Blue-CAS Agar media were used to investigate the relationship between the isolates’ copper resistance and each isolate’s ability to produce siderophores. The highest MIC value was 2 mM in CuSO4. The tolerance levels of the isolates from the WA and LVB regions were 29% and 47% susceptible, 29% and 47% low resistance and 42% and 6% resistant, respectively. The most successful pesticide was (CuSO4 + Ca (OH)2) + mancozeb. While none of the isolates had the cusA gene, four isolates had the copA gene, which was proven to be plasmid-borne. Differences between copA
A. Husseini Plant Protection Department, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Van YüzüncüYıl University, 65080 Van, Turkey A. Akköprü (*) Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, 65080 Van, Turkey e-mail: [email protected]
gene sequences were detected and were determined to be not related to the pathovars. The amount of siderophore produced against copper in Ps pathovars affected seems to be related with the resistance level. Also, Ps pathovars were able to tolerate copper at doses as high as 1.1 mM by producing siderophores, and at doses of 1.7 mM and above through the copA gene. Keywords Bacterial canker . copA . cusA . MIC . Pseudomonas syringae . Siderophores
Introduction Along with its economic importance, stone-fruits such as peaches, nectarines, plums, cherries and apricots are considered remarkable health-benefiting crops. Turkey is the world’s leading producer of apricots and cherries (FAO 2017), which are cultivated and grown in almost all regions of Turkey. Stone-fruits can be infected by many pathogens that cause significant yield and quality losses. One of the most common diseases, not only in Turkey but also throughout the world is the Bacterial Canker diseases (Akköprü 2016; Ivanović et al. 2017). Bacterial Canker in stone-fruit trees can be caused by different Pseudomonas syringae pathovars such as syringae (Pss), morsprunorum (Psm), avii, persicae, and viridiflava (Janse 2010; Kałużna et al. 2016; Parisi et al. 2019). However, disease ou
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