Evaluation of freezing injury in temperate fruit trees
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Evaluation of freezing injury in temperate fruit trees Duk Jun Yu1,2 · Hee Jae Lee1,2 Received: 13 April 2020 / Revised: 28 May 2020 / Accepted: 2 June 2020 / Published online: 24 August 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Freezing is a major environmental stress limiting the geographical distribution, growth, and productivity of temperate fruit trees. The extent of freezing injury in the trees depends on the rate at which the temperature decreases, the minimum temperature reached, and the duration of the freezing conditions. The ability to tolerate freezing temperatures under natural conditions varies greatly among fruit tree species, cultivars, and tissues. Freezing injury must be precisely evaluated to reliably predict the winter survival and productivity of the trees in specific regions, to screen for tolerant species and cultivars, and to develop cultural strategies that reduce freezing stress. Various methods are used to evaluate freezing injury in temperate fruit trees under field and artificial conditions, including visual evaluation of tissue discoloration, thermal analysis, determination of electrolyte leakage, and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride reduction analysis. In this review, we describe the most frequently used experimental procedures for evaluating freezing injury. Keywords Dehydration · Electrolyte leakage · Exotherm · Freezing injury · Fruit tree · Tetrazolium
1 Introduction Freezing injury in plants occurs when temperatures drop below the freezing point of water. When plant cells are exposed to subfreezing temperatures, ice first forms in the extracellular spaces that have the highest osmotic potential and the highest levels of ice nucleators and continues to form toward the decreasing water potential (Pearce 2001; Wisniewski et al. 2014). As the temperature decreases, the extracellular ice crystals grow with the withdrawal of liquid water from the unfrozen protoplasts and ultimately the intracellular ice crystals form, which is lethal to the cells (Pearce 2001; Guy 2003; Arora 2018). Freezing injury appears to depend on a common mechanism involving cell dehydration and membrane disintegration via ice formation during freezing (Steponkus 1984; Yamazaki et al. 2009; Moran et al. 2011; Arora 2018).
Communicated by Heakeun Yun, Ph.D. * Hee Jae Lee [email protected] 1
Department of Plant Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
2
Freezing is a major environmental stress that limits the geographical distribution, growth, and productivity of temperate fruit trees. Freezing injury in the trees includes winter sunscald of thin-barked species, frost splitting of trunks, blackheart of stems, freezing of roots, midwinter kill of dormant flower buds, death of cambium in twigs, branches, and trunks, and frost damage to flowers and fruit during spring and fall (Weiser 1970; Pearce 2001). The ability to tolerate freezing temperatures under natural c
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