The response to flooding of two overwintering rice stem borers likely accounts for their changing impacts
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ORIGINAL PAPER
The response to flooding of two overwintering rice stem borers likely accounts for their changing impacts Guang‑Hua Luo1 · Zhi‑Xin Luo1 · Zhi‑Ling Zhang1 · Yang Sun2 · Ming‑Hong Lu3 · Zhao‑Lin Shu4 · Zi‑Hua Tian5 · Ary A. Hoffmann6 · Ji‑Chao Fang1 Received: 12 March 2020 / Revised: 8 September 2020 / Accepted: 12 September 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The rice striped stem borer (SSB), Chilo suppressalis Walker, and the rice yellow stem borer (YSB), Scirpophaga incertulas Walker, are two of the most damaging pests of rice plant, whose relative crop damage has changed in recent years. Here, we carried out experiments and surveys to understand the potential impact of field flooding on populations of these species. YSB had a consistently higher mortality rate than SSB in overwintering populations. We show that SSB survived under submersion better than YSB, crawled more strongly than YSB, and escaped more effectively from a waterlogged environ‑ ment than YSB. These differences may relate partly to the longer abdominal prolegs and thoracic legs of SSB than YSB. These factors likely explain why YSB has a higher mortality rate than SSB in overwintering populations and why the rela‑ tive importance of YSB is declining in some areas. In addition, the flooding method provides an effective cultural practice for some crops. Our results uncover the reasons why flooding practice is more effective for YSB than SSB. The results also point to an effective control measure for YSB. Keywords Chilo suppressalis · Scirpophaga incertulas · Overwintering population · Mortality rate · Flooding practice control
Key message Communicated by Peng Han. * Guang‑Hua Luo [email protected] * Zi‑Hua Tian [email protected] * Ji‑Chao Fang [email protected] 1
• Two rice stem borers Chilo suppressalis Walker
(SSB) and Scirpophaga incertulas Walker (YSB) are the most damaging pests of rice plants. • SSB is better than YSB at surviving submersion crawling and escaping a waterlogged environment. • These findings help to account for the better overwinter‑ ing ability of SSB, and they indicate appropriate flooding practices for controlling YSB and SSB.
Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
2
Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China
Introduction
3
National Agricultural Technology Extension and Service Center, Beijing 100125, China
4
Zhenjiang Institute of Agricultural Science in Hilly Area of Jiangsu, Jurong 212400, China
5
Plant Protection and Quarantine Station of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210036, China
6
School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
Rice is one of the most important foods, especially in Asia, and for more than half of the global population. Rice production frequently faces severe threats from pest infestations, which affects the yield and quality of the har‑ vest (Yin et al. 2014; Fan et al.
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