The Role of Environmental Pollution in Endocrine Diseases

Environmental pollution is able to affect the balance of multiple endocrine axes in humans. This negative outcome occurs because of the effects of artificial chemicals, which are widely diffused. The endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are ubiquitous an

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Piero Portincasa Gema Frühbeck Hendrik M. Nathoe  Editors

Endocrinology and Systemic Diseases

Endocrinology Series Editor Andrea Lenzi Department of Experimental Medicine Section of Medical Pathophysiology Food Science and Endocrinology Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy Series Co-Editor Emmanuele A. Jannini Department of Systems Medicine University of Rome Tor Vergata Rome, Italy

Within the health sciences, Endocrinology has an unique and pivotal role. This old, but continuously new science is the study of the various hormones and their actions and disorders in the body. The matter of Endocrinology are the glands, i.e. the organs that produce hormones, active on the metabolism, reproduction, food absorption and utilization, growth and development, behavior control, and several other complex functions of the organisms. Since hormones interact, affect, regulate and control virtually all body functions, Endocrinology not only is a very complex science, multidisciplinary in nature, but is one with the highest scientific turnover. Knowledge in the Endocrinological sciences is continuously changing and growing. In fact, the field of Endocrinology and Metabolism is one where the highest number of scientific publications continuously flourishes. The number of scientific journals dealing with hormones and the regulation of body chemistry is dramatically high. Furthermore, Endocrinology is directly related to genetics, neurology, immunology, rheumatology, gastroenterology, nephrology, orthopedics, cardiology, oncology, gland surgery, sexology and sexual medicine, psychology, psychiatry, internal medicine, and basic sciences. All these fields are interested in updates in Endocrinology. The aim of the MRW in Endocrinology is to update the Endocrinological matter using the knowledge of the best experts in each section of Endocrinology: basic endocrinology, neuroendocrinology, endocrinological oncology, pancreas with diabetes and other metabolic disorders, thyroid, parathyroid and bone metabolism, adrenals and endocrine hypertension, sexuality, reproduction, and behavior. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/14021

Piero Portincasa • Gema Fru¨hbeck • Hendrik M. Nathoe Editors

Endocrinology and Systemic Diseases With 48 Figures and 20 Tables

Editors Piero Portincasa Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Clinica Medica “Augusto Murri” Bari, Italy

Gema Frühbeck Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition University of Navarra, CIBEROBN, IdiSNA, Clinica Universidad de Navarra Pamplona, Spain

Hendrik M. Nathoe Department of Cardiology University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands

ISSN 2510-1927 ISSN 2510-1935 (electronic) ISBN 978-3-319-68728-5 ISBN 978-3-319-68729-2 (eBook) ISBN 978-3-319-68730-8 (print and electronic bundle) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68729-2 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specific