The temperature of growth and sporulation modulates the efficiency of spore-display in Bacillus subtili s
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Microbial Cell Factories Open Access
RESEARCH
The temperature of growth and sporulation modulates the efficiency of spore‑display in Bacillus subtilis Claudia Petrillo1, Stefany Castaldi1, Mariamichela Lanzilli1,3, Anella Saggese1, Giuliana Donadio1,4, Loredana Baccigalupi2, Ezio Ricca1* and Rachele Isticato1
Abstract Background: Bacterial spores displaying heterologous antigens or enzymes have long been proposed as mucosal vaccines, functionalized probiotics or biocatalysts. Two main strategies have been developed to display heterologous molecules on the surface of Bacillus subtilis spores: (i) a recombinant approach, based on the construction of a gene fusion between a gene coding for a coat protein (carrier) and DNA coding for the protein to be displayed, and (ii) a non-recombinant approach, based on the spontaneous and stable adsorption of heterologous molecules on the spore surface. Both systems have advantages and drawbacks and the selection of one or the other depends on the protein to be displayed and on the final use of the activated spore. It has been recently shown that B. subtilis builds structurally and functionally different spores when grown at different temperatures; based on this finding B. subtilis spores prepared at 25, 37 or 42 °C were compared for their efficiency in displaying various model proteins by either the recombinant or the non-recombinant approach. Results: Immune- and fluorescence-based assays were used to analyze the display of several model proteins on spores prepared at 25, 37 or 42 °C. Recombinant spores displayed different amounts of the same fusion protein in response to the temperature of spore production. In spores simultaneously displaying two fusion proteins, each of them was differentially displayed at the various temperatures. The display by the non-recombinant approach was only modestly affected by the temperature of spore production, with spores prepared at 37 or 42 °C slightly more efficient than 25 °C spores in adsorbing at least some of the model proteins tested. Conclusion: Our results indicate that the temperature of spore production allows control of the display of heterologous proteins on spores and, therefore, that the spore-display strategy can be optimized for the specific final use of the activated spores by selecting the display approach, the carrier protein and the temperature of spore production. Keywords: Display platform, Mucosal vaccines, Bacillus subtilis, Probiotics Introduction Endospores (spores) are quiescent cell forms produced by over 1000 bacterial species when the environmental conditions do not allow cell growth to continue [1]. *Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Department of Biology, Federico II University complesso universitario di Monte Sant’ Angelo via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
In the spore form, these bacterial species can survive conditions, such as the prolonged absence of water and nutrients, the exposure to extremes of temperature and pH, to UV irradiat
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