The threshold of nitrogen and phosphorus loss in runoff on degraded Ferralsols of Fujian province, southern China
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
The threshold of nitrogen and phosphorus loss in runoff on degraded Ferralsols of Fujian province, southern China Yonghui Bai1 · Xuan Zha2 · Jing Zhang2 · Shifa Chen3 Received: 13 November 2018 / Accepted: 5 August 2020 / Published online: 18 August 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Loss of soil nutrients in runoff accelerates eutrophication of surface waters. This study found out the critical of rainfall intensity and slope angles of total nitrogen and phosphorus in surface runoff for degraded Ferralsols in southern China. We established plots (1.5 m × 0.5 m × 0.3 m; length × width × height) to investigate the effects of rainfall intensity (1.0, 1.5, 2.0 mm min−1) and slope gradients (10°, 15°, 20°) on runoff rate, total nitrogen and total phosphorus loss rates and dynamic factors. Our results indicated that a slope gradient of 15° is suitable for controlling TN and TP losses in degraded Ferralsols, 1.5 mm min−1 is the critical rainfall intensity of nitrogen and phosphorus loss in runoff in our study, runoff rate determines runoff-associated TN and TP losses, and runoff shear force is the dynamic factor for nitrogen and phosphorus losses. Our study might also be helpful for predicting water erosion and non-point source pollution in large scales and natural slope scales and building a model of soil erosion watershed scales. Keywords Macronutrients losses in runoff · Rainfall intensity · Slope gradient · Simulated rainfall · Ferralsols
Introduction Water erosion is the most widespread form of soil degradation worldwide (Oldeman et al. 1991; Lal 2001; Crosson 1995; García-Ruiz et al. 2017; Wu et al. 2018). It is a serious environmental threat to the sustainability of ecosystems. Induced by rainfall, it is an important driving force of water erosion and ecosystem degradation (Han et al. 2011). Studies on not only on-site but also off-site consequences of soil erosion are essential to our holistic understanding of the nature of this problem, and this will enable the economic and environmental costs to be adequately assessed. Bare slopes * Yonghui Bai [email protected] * Xuan Zha [email protected] 1
School of Earth Sciences, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, China
2
Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology, Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded, School of Geographical Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, Fujian, China
3
College of Tourism and Geography, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China
are very sensitive to runoff and soil loss processes in landscapes. Non-point source pollution has been recognized as a key problem that significantly affects water quality around the world and which is a form of off-site soil erosion (Clark 1985; Keller et al. 2014; Kourakos et al. 2012; García-Ruiz et al. 2017). Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) losses because of water erosion and surface runoff are an important contributor to the deterioration of water quality, they are importa
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