The utilization of waste cooking palm oil as a green carbon source for the growth of multilayer graphene
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RESEARCH
The utilization of waste cooking palm oil as a green carbon source for the growth of multilayer graphene M. F. Malek 1,2 & M. Robaiah 1,2 & A. B. Suriani 3,4 & M. H. Mamat 5 & M. K. Ahmad 6 & T. Soga 7 & M. Rusop 1,5 & S. Abdullah 1,2 & Z. Khusaimi 1,2 & M. Aslam 1,2 & N. A. Asli 1,2 Received: 18 March 2019 / Revised: 7 October 2020 / Accepted: 18 November 2020 # Australian Ceramic Society 2020
Abstract Waste cooking palm oil (WCPO) has been utilized as a green carbon source for the synthesization of graphene by double thermal chemical vapor deposition. The WCPO was placed in the first furnace (precursor furnace) whereas nickel was placed in the second furnace (deposition furnace). The deposition temperatures were varied between 850 and 1100 °C. Raman results reveal the highest 2-D peak for the sample synthesized at 1000 °C, which indicates the high-quality formation of graphene. Besides, the sample also shows good crystallinity with a sharp peak at 26.8° which represents the hexagonal graphite structure and the introduction of graphene sheet formation. On the other hand, the FESEM image displays hexagonal structures since the graphene layers were formed after the precipitation of the carbon. Meanwhile, the UV-Vis result shows the highest reflectance in the visible light region which indicates the presence of the graphene layer on Ni. Keywords Palm oil . Graphene . Nickel . Multilayer . Carbon
Introduction Decades ago, rapid development of large-area and highquality graphene to enhance the performance of electronics and optoelectronic devices has been investigated. In the meantime, the graphenes are capable candidates that can be fabricated in large quantities with low-cost with respect to existing carbon nanotubes [1–3]. Graphene is a two-dimensional material with a special band structure that has received tremendous attention due to its extraordinary properties and enormous potential for various applications like large specific surface area, ultrafast carrier mobility, mechanical flexibility,
* M. F. Malek [email protected]; [email protected] 1
NANO-SciTech Lab (NST), Centre for Functional Materials and Nanotechnology (FMN), Institute of Science (IOS), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
2
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
3
Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris (UPSI), 35900 Tanjung Malim, Perak, Malaysia
high thermal conductivity, optical transparency, etc. [4]. Various research groups have reported on the preparation of graphene using various carbon precursors such as methane, acetylene, benzene, xylene, toluene, etc. However, these carbon precursors are related to fossil fuels and might cause problems in terms of scarcity of resources in the future. Therefore, it is crucial to develop graphene using green sources and cheap materials as alternatives especially for big-scale production. Some research groups have synthesized g
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