Theoretical Surface Science A Microscopic Perspective
Recent years have witnessed tremendous progress in the theoretical treatment of surfaces and processes on surfaces. A variety of surface properties can now be described from first principles, i.e. without invoking any empirical parameters. In this book th
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Advanced Texts in Physics Ihis program of advanced texts covers a broad spectrum of topics which are of current and emerging interest in physics. Each book provides a comprehensive and yet accessible introduction to a field at the fore front of modern research. As such, these texts are intended for senior undergraduate and graduate students at the MS and PhD level; however, research scientists seeking an introduction to particular areas of physics will also benefit from the titles in this collection.
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH Physics and Astronomy
ONLINE LlBRARY
http://www.springer.de/phys/
Axel Groß
Theoretical Surface Science A Microscopic Perspective
With 105 Figures, Tables and 32 Exercises
11
t
Springer
Professor Dr. Axel Groß Technische Universität München Physik-Department T30 85747 Garching Germany e-mail: [email protected]
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Gross, Axel, 1961-. Theoretical surface science: a microscopic perspectivel Axel Gross. p. cm. - (Advanced texts in physics, ISSN 1439-2674) Inc1udes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-3-662-05043-9 ISBN 978-3-662-05041-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-05041-5 1. Surfaces (Physics) I. Title. 11. Series. QCI73.4.S94 G74 2002 530.4'27-dc21 2002026851
ISSN 1439-2674
ISBN 978-3-662-05043-9 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, wheilier the whole or part of ilie material is concerned, specifically ilie rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any oilier way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of iliis publication or parts iliereof is permitted only under ilie provisions of ilie German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag Berlin HeideIberg GmbH. Violations are liable for prosecution under ilie German Copyright Law. http://www.springer.de © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2003
Origina1ly published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 2003
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2003 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, iliat such names are exempt from ilie relevant protective laws and regulations and ilierefore free for general use. Typesetting: Data prepared by ilie auilior using a Springer TEX macro package Data conversion: Frank Herweg, Leutershausen Cover design: design & production GmbH, Heidelberg Printed on acid-free paper
SPIN 11009801
57/3111lba
54321
In memoriam David and Sabeth
Preface
Recent years have seen tremendous progress in the theoretical treatment of surface structures and processes. While a decade aga most theoretical studies tried to describe surfaces either on a qualitative level using empirical parameters or invoked rat her severe approximative models, there is now a large dass of surface system that can be addressed quantitatively based on first-
