Time-resolution of the shoot and root growth of the model cereal Brachypodium in response to inoculation with Azospirill
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Time‑resolution of the shoot and root growth of the model cereal Brachypodium in response to inoculation with Azospirillum bacteria at low phosphorus and temperature Martino Schillaci1 · Borjana Arsova2 · Robert Walker1 · Penelope M. C. Smith3 · Kerstin A. Nagel2 · Ute Roessner1 · Michelle Watt1 Received: 22 May 2020 / Accepted: 20 October 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract A non-invasive plant phenotyping platform, GrowScreen-PaGe, was used to resolve the dynamics of shoot and root growth of the model cereal Brachypodium (Brachypodium distachyon Bd21-3) in response to the plant growth promoting (PGP) bacteria Azospirillum (Azospirillum brasilense Sp245). Inoculated Brachypodium plants had greater early vigor and higher P use efficiency than non-inoculated Brachypodium at low P and low temperature conditions. Root systems were imaged non-invasively at eight time points and data combined with leaf area, shoot biomass and nutrient content from destructive subsamples at 7, 14 and 21 days after inoculation (DAI). Azospirillum colonisation of roots improved Brachypodium shoot and, to a greater degree, root growth in three independent experiments. Inoculation promoted P use efficiency in shoots but not P concentration or uptake, despite increased total root length. Longer roots in inoculated plants arose from twofold faster branch root growth but slower axile root growth, detected at 11 DAI. Analysis of the spatio-temporal phenotypes indicated that the effects of Azospirillum inoculation increased as shoot P concentration declined, but the magnitude depended on the time after inoculation and growth rate of branch roots compared to axile roots. High throughput plant phenotyping platforms allow the details of plant-microorganism symbioses to be resolved, offering insights into the timing of changes in different tissues to allow molecular mechanisms to be determined. Keywords Plant growth promoting (PGP) bacteria · Cereals · Phenotyping · Root architecture · Brachypodium distachyon Bd21-3 · Azospirillum brasilense Sp245
Introduction
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-020-00675-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Martino Schillaci [email protected] 1
University of Melbourne, School of BioSciences, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
2
Institute for Bio- & Geosciences, Plant Sciences (IBG‑2), Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, 52425 Juelich, Germany
3
School of Life Sciences, Latrobe University, Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Sciences, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
Cereals are consumed in all societies and retain a leading position in diets by providing almost one half of the calories consumed by humans (FAO 2018). Increasing agricultural production while availability of arable land decreases is one of the largest challenges facing modern agriculture, particularly for cereal crops. Good soil fertility depends on availability of phosphorus (P) for crop gr
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