Toward a Full Simulation of the Basic Oxygen Furnace: Deformation of the Bath Free Surface and Coupled Transfer Processe
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THE basic oxygen furnace (BOF) is a process where pure oxygen is used to convert molten pig iron into steel by the oxidation of carbon. In top-blown furnaces, an oxygen jet is blown at supersonic velocities through a vertically oriented lance onto the molten metal bath, creating a cavity at the bath surface due to the dynamic pressure of the jet (Figure 1). The size and the shape of this cavity are important parameters because they contribute to the interfacial contact area between the oxygen and the metal. The decarburization reactions in the bath lead to the formation of carbon monoxide, which may react with oxygen in the top space of the Y. DOH, formerly Ph.D. Student at the Institut Jean Lamour, CNRS-Universite´ de Lorraine, Parc de Saurupt, CS 50840, 54011 Nancy Cedex, France, is now Engineer at Hutchinson Company, Montargis, France. P. CHAPELLE and A. JARDY, CNRS Research Scientists, are with the Institut Jean Lamour, CNRS-Universite´ de Lorraine. Contact e-mail: [email protected] G. DJAMBAZOV, Senior Research Fellow, and K. PERICLEOUS, Professor, are with the Centre for Numerical Modelling and Process Analysis, University of Greenwich, London SE10 9LS, UK. G. GHAZAL and P. GARDIN, Research and Development Engineers, are with the ArcelorMittal Research, BP 30320, 57283 Maizie`res-les-Metz Cedex, France Manuscript submitted December 19, 2011. Article published online March 6, 2013. METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B
furnace to produce carbon dioxide. This latter process is generally referred to as the post-combustion reaction. The post-combustion reaction is highly exothermic (more than twice the decarburization reaction). In order to optimize the energy efficiency of the process and in particular to increase the amount of scrap additions that may be remelted in the bath, there is a strong interest in promoting the post-combustion of CO and the transfer of the energy released by this reaction to the liquid metal. The present work is part of an ongoing research project aimed at developing a unified numerical model of the BOF. In this paper, two important aspects of the BOF are addressed, namely the deformation of the free surface of the metal bath caused by the impinging oxygen jet and the coupled transfer phenomena involved in the gas phase, including the post-combustion reaction. There exists a large amount of literature on the problem of the impingement of a gas jet on a liquid surface. Many experimental studies, dating from the work of Banks and Chandrasekhara[1] back in the 60s to the more recent experiments of Nordquist et al.,[2] have been carried out using, for obvious practical reasons, reduced-scale cold models in which oxygen is replaced by air and molten steel by water. They were more particularly concerned with the visualization and characterization of the cavity formed at the liquid surface, in VOLUME 44B, JUNE 2013—653
Fig. 1—Schematic of the basic oxygen furnace.
terms of shape and dimensions. For a comprehensive review of those studies, we refer to the paper o
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