Toxicity of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles: a review
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REVIEW
Toxicity of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles: a review Ayse Busra Sengul1 · Eylem Asmatulu2 Received: 22 August 2019 / Accepted: 7 June 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Nanotechnology has recently found applications in many fields such as consumer products, medicine and environment. Nanoparticles display unique properties and vary widely according to their dimensions, morphology, composition, agglomeration and uniformity states. Nanomaterials include carbon-based nanoparticles, metal-based nanoparticles, organic-based nanoparticles and composite-based nanoparticles. The increasing production and use of nanoparticles result in higher exposure to humans and the environment, thus raising issues of toxicity. Here we review the properties, applications and toxicity of metal and non-metal-based nanoparticles. Nanoparticles are likely to be accumulated in sensitive organs such as heart, liver, spleen, kidney and brain after inhalation, ingestion and skin contact. In vitro and in vivo studies indicate that exposure to nanoparticles could induce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is a predominant mechanism leading to toxicity. Excessive production of ROS causes oxidative stress, inflammation and subsequent damage to proteins, cell membranes and DNA. ROS production induced by nanoparticles is controlled by size, shape, surface, composition, solubility, aggregation and particle uptake. The toxicity of a metallic nanomaterial may differ depending on the oxidation state, ligands, solubility and morphology, and on environmental and health conditions. Keywords Nanotechnology · Nanoparticles · Metal nanoparticles · Toxicity mechanism · Reactive oxygen species
Introduction Nanotechnology has become one of the most rapidly growing areas of science and technology in the USA as well as other parts of the world. It has led to the increased production and applications of nanomaterials in a wide range of fields such as automotive, biomedical, cosmetics, defense, energy and electronics. The global market for nanotechnology products and applications was valued at $39.2 billion in 2016 and is expected to reach $90.5 billion in 2021 (McWilliams 2016). The nanomaterial is defined as a material with any external dimension in the nanoscale or having an internal structure or surface structure in the nanoscale, approximately 1–100 nm size range (ISO 2015). They may be in the form of nanoparticles, nanofibers, nanotubes, nanocomposites * Eylem Asmatulu [email protected] 1
Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount Street, Wichita, KS 67260, USA
2
and nanostructured materials. Figure 1 shows the classification of nanostructure materials according to dimensions, morphology, composition, agglomeration and uniformity states. Nanoparticle agglomeration, size and surface reactivity, along with shape and size, need to be considered when choosing health
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