Transcriptional and Post-transcriptional Regulatory Mechanisms Controlling Type III Secretion
Type III secretion systems (T3SSs) are utilized by numerous Gram-negative bacteria to efficiently interact with host cells and manipulate their function. Appropriate expression of type III secretion genes is achieved through the integration of multiple co
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Introduction.......................................................................................................................... T3SS Regulation on the Transcriptional Level .................................................................. 2.1 Control by Central Transcriptional Activators........................................................... 2.2 Transcriptional Control of the Key T3SS Regulators ............................................... 2.3 Silencing and Activation of T3SS Master Regulator Expression by Modulator Proteins ....................................................................................................................... 3 T3SS Regulation on the Post-transcriptional Level............................................................ 3.1 Control of Translation ................................................................................................ 3.2 Control of T3SS mRNA Structures and Stability—Influence of Helicases and RNases ................................................................................................................. 3.3 Regulatory RNAs ....................................................................................................... 3.4 Feedback Control Mechanisms Through Secreted Effectors or Anti-sigma Factors......................................................................................................................... 4 T3SS Regulation on the Protein Level ............................................................................... 4.1 Changing Binding Partners ........................................................................................ 4.2 Modulation or Modification of T3SS Regulatory Components ................................ 5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives.................................................................................. References ..................................................................................................................................
Abstract Type III secretion systems (T3SSs) are utilized by numerous Gram-negative bacteria to efficiently interact with host cells and manipulate their function. Appropriate expression of type III secretion genes is achieved through the
Marcel Volk and Ines Vollmer contributed equally M. Volk I. Vollmer A. K. Heroven P. Dersch (&) Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany e-mail: [email protected] P. Dersch Institute for Infectiology, University Münster, Münster, Germany Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2019_168 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019
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integration of multiple control elements and regulatory pathways that ultimately coordinate the activity of a central transcriptional activator usually belonging to the AraC/XylS family. Although several regulatory elements are conserved between different species and families, each pathogen uses a unique set of control factors and mechani
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