Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Genes Related to Floral Development in Chrysanthemum Responsive to Photoperiods
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Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Genes Related to Floral Development in Chrysanthemum Responsive to Photoperiods Hongyan Ren • Farong Zhu • Chengshu Zheng Xia Sun • Wenli Wang • Huairui Shu
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Received: 20 December 2011 / Accepted: 22 June 2012 / Published online: 30 September 2012 Ó Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012
Abstract This research used the cDNA-AFLP technique to identify differentially expressed transcript-derived fragments (TDFs) in the apical tips of chrysanthemum induced by different photoperiods. Of the 3,152 TDFs screened by 64 primer recombinations, 861 were found to be differentially expressed, with 597 up-regulated and 264 down-regulated. We successfully cloned, sequenced, and analyzed the homologies of 57 TDFs. We found homologies for 37 of them in the NCBI: 31 displayed homology to genes with known functions, 3 to genes with unknown function, and 3 showed no matches. Functional analysis indicated that 34 TDFs H. Ren C. Zheng (&) X. Sun W. Wang H. Shu College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China e-mail: [email protected] H. Ren e-mail: [email protected] X. Sun e-mail: [email protected] W. Wang e-mail: [email protected] H. Shu e-mail: [email protected] F. Zhu College of Foreign Languages, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China e-mail: [email protected] C. Zheng X. Sun W. Wang H. Shu State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China H. Shu National Engineering and Technique Center of Apples, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
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Biochem Genet (2013) 51:20–32
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participated in seven processes: transcription regulation, signal transduction, substance and energy metabolism, differentiation and development, protein degradation and synthesis, stress responses, and unclassified protein. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis with selected transcripts of four genes related to floral development indicated that they all were expressed or up-regulated under short-day conditions. This was supported by analysis of cDNA-AFLP. Keywords Chrysanthemum Floral differentiation Photoperiod Transcript-derived fragments Transcriptome
Introduction The chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ram.) is one of the most important flowers in the world, accounting for about 30 % of the world cut-flower market, second only to the rose (Zheng et al. 2004). In China, the greenhouse production of chrysanthemums is on the rise. Most chrysanthemum cultivars are short-day plants that bloom in autumn (Shchennikova et al. 2003), which constrains their year-round production as cut flowers. Therefore, the breeding of new cultivars that are productive year-round and insensitive to photoperiod is a primary target in the industrial development of chrysanthemums. The discovery of plant molecular mechanisms responsive to photoperiod could provide valuable information in the search for flowering controls (Schulze et al. 2010). Isolating key genes related to flowering is a prerequisite to molecular breeding of
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