Transcriptomic identification and expression analysis of cold shock domain protein ( CSP ) genes in the marine dinoflage
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Transcriptomic identification and expression analysis of cold shock domain protein (CSP) genes in the marine dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum Hui Wang 1
&
Hansol Kim 1
&
Jang-Seu Ki 1
Received: 23 June 2020 / Revised and accepted: 8 November 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Dinoflagellates are frequently exposed to cold-water temperatures, and some may survive in winter and in polar regions. Cold shock domain proteins (CSPs) seem to function as part of their adaptation to such stressful environments. In this study, we identified two CSP genes (PmCSP1 and PmCSP2) in the marine dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum, characterized their structural properties, and investigated their expression patterns in response to cold shock and heavy metal exposure. Putative PmCSP1 (96 aa, 10.1 kDa) and PmCSP2 (91 aa, 9.4 kDa) proteins had two consensus RNA-binding motifs and might be localized in the cytoplasm, due to the absence of a signal peptide. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that PmCSPs clustered with those of other dinoflagellates and had been recycled between genomic DNA and mRNA. Real-time PCR revealed that PmCSPs significantly responded to low temperatures, but not to nickel or cadmium. These genes may allow the organism to adapt to and survive in cold habitats and winter. Keywords Gene expression . Heavy metals . Low temperature . PmCSP . Prorocentrum minimum . Transcriptome
Introduction Dinoflagellates are common to aquatic ecosystems and play important roles in marine primary production (Taylor et al. 2008). In recent years, however, reports of dinoflagellate harmful algal blooms (HABs) have increased in frequency, severity, biogeographic range, and in their negative impact on the economy and human health (Anderson et al. 2012). A number of investigations have sought to explain the ubiquitous distribution and recurrence of dinoflagellate HABs, including studies on the mechanisms underlying cell growth, nutrient uptake, and resting cyst distribution (Hadjadji et al. 2014; Fertouna-Bellakhal et al. 2015). Tolerance or adaptation to diverse environmental conditions (e.g., heat, cold, nutrient limitation) is considered to be one of the most important strategies of dinoflagellates regarding the formation of HABs and geographic expansion (Herzi et al. 2013; Chetouhi et al. 2020). Many previous investigations have sought to describe the growth and physiological characteristics of dinoflagellates
* Jang-Seu Ki [email protected] 1
Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, South Korea
at various temperatures and nutrient levels (Röder et al. 2012; Abadie et al. 2015). However, less effort has been made to reveal the response and survival strategies of dinoflagellates to cold environments due to slow growth and difficult experimental procedures. Especially, the molecular mechanisms (e.g., genes and functions) underlying their ability to survive and adapt to low temperatures remain largely unknown. Cold shock domain proteins (CSPs) were first reported in Escherichia coli and showed a high ex
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