Transmission of Phloem-Limited Viruses to the Host Plants by Their Aphid Vectors
Plant viruses produce important economic losses in crops worldwide. The study of their transmission by insects has been key in order to develop new strategies to interfere with their spread. Studies on the monitoring of aphid probing behavior by using the
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Contents 1 Introduction 2 Aphids as Virus Vectors 3 Virus-Aphid Interactions 3.1 Plant Virus Circulation Within the Vector: Non-circulative and Circulative Viruses 3.2 Localization and Retention Sites of Plant Viruses in the Vector: Stylet-Borne, Foregut-Borne, and Salivary Gland-Borne 4 Plant Virus Localization in the Host Plant: Non-phloem and Phloem-Limited Viruses 4.1 Phloem-Limited Viruses Transmitted by Aphids 5 The Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) Technique: An Excellent Tool to Study Virus Transmission by Pierce-Sucking Insects 6 Aphid Probing Behavior Associated with Plant Virus Transmission 7 Transmission of Phloem-Limited Viruses by Aphids 7.1 Characterization of the Phloem-pd and the Short-E1: Two Newly EPG Patterns Associated with the Inoculation of Phloem-Limited Viruses 7.2 Inoculation of Closteroviruses 7.3 Inoculation of Luteoviruses 8 Visualization of Aphid Stylet Penetrations in Phloem Sieve Elements and Companion Cells During the Occurrence of the Phloem-pd 9 Conclusions and Further Research References
Abstract Plant viruses produce important economic losses in crops worldwide. The study of their transmission by insects has been key in order to develop new strategies to interfere with their spread. Studies on the monitoring of aphid probing behavior by
J. Jiménez (*) Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA e-mail: jaime.jimenez@ufl.edu A. Moreno and A. Fereres Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 Progress in Botany, https://doi.org/10.1007/124_2020_47
J. Jiménez et al.
using the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique allowed to study the different aphid stylet activities in plant tissues associated with the transmission of plant viruses. Aphids produce intermittent intracellular punctures (commonly named as “potential drops”: pds) along the stylet pathway, ultimately reaching the phloem tissues. The phloem-pd has been recently described as the key stylet activity in plant cells associated with the transmission of phloem-limited viruses by aphids. This behavioral pattern represents the first report of a brief intracellular puncture produced by aphids in phloem tissues associated to the transmission of a phloem-limited virus. A single brief phloem-pd (3–5 s) was mandatory to transmit both semipersistently and persistently transmitted, phloem-limited viruses by aphids. Stylet penetration of both sieve elements and companion cells of the host plant during the occurrence of the phloem-pd by M. persicae were confirmed by using confocal laser-scanning microscopy together with CT-microtomography. In this chapter, we revisit the main approaches recently carried out in the field of aphid probing and feeding behavior in association with the transmission of phloem-limited viruses transmitted in either a semipersistent or persistent manner.
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