Trauma Biomechanics Accidental injury in traffic and sports
Trauma biomechanics uses the principles of mechanics to study the response and tolerance level of biological tissues under extreme loading conditions. Through an understanding of mechanical factors that influence the function and structure of human tissue
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Kai-Uwe Schmitt · Peter F. Niederer · Markus H. Muser · Felix Walz
Trauma Biomechanics Accidental Injury in Traffic and Sports Third Edition
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PD Dr. Kai-Uwe Schmitt Prof. Dr. Peter F. Niederer (emeritiert) Institute for Biomedical Engineering University and ETH Zurich ETZ F90 Gloriastrasse 35 CH-8092 Zurich Dr. Markus H. Muser Prof. Dr. med. Felix Walz AGU Winkelriedstrasse 27 ¨ Zurich CH-8006
ISBN 978-3-642-03712-2 e-ISBN 978-3-642-03713-9 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-03713-9 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2009938113 c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: deblik, Berlin Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
Injury is a leading cause of death, hospitalisation and disability world-wide. The World Health Organization predicts that unintentional injuries arising from road traffic incidents will rise to take third place in the rank order of international disease burden by the year 2030. Although these statistics and the associated economic costs are staggering, the effect of unintentional injury and death from trauma is more apparent, and more disturbing, when seen personally. By a young age, nearly everyone in the world, regardless of region, wealth or education, has had a relative or someone that they know killed or disabled in an "accident". The quality of life and financial effects on the injured person and their families and friends are plainly evident and clearly devastating. Many unintentional injuries are in reality not accidents; they could be prevented with changes in policy, education, or through improved safety devices. Arrayed against these preventable injuries, a diverse group of injury prevention researchers and practitioners work to decrease the incidence of unintentional injury. In trauma biomechanics, the principles of mechanics are used to understand how injuries happen at the level of the bones, joints, organs and tissues of the body. This knowledge is central in the development, characterization and improvement of safety devices such as helmets and seat belts and in the safe design of vehicles and equipment used for transpo
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