Treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater by heterogeneous Fenton process: an innovative approach
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater by heterogeneous Fenton process: an innovative approach Bhawana Jain1 · Ajaya K. Singh1 · Swati Banchhor1 · Sreekantha B. Jonnalagadda2 · Md. Abu Bin Hasan Susan3 Received: 18 October 2019 / Accepted: 29 April 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract With indiscriminate use and disposal, antibiotics enter the water bodies and thus are categorized as emerging pollutants. We report the studies on the degradation of norfloxacin, a well-known antibiotic, using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) by heterogeneous Fenton process in the presence of sunlight. We fabricated ZnO nanoparticles by hydrothermal method. The geometry of norfloxacin was optimized using Hartree–Fock density functional theory. We used UV–Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy techniques to determine various crystal properties, i.e., structure, morphology, size and shape of the ZnO nanoparticles. However, we evaluated the crystal size, particle size and their distribution employing Debye–Scherrer equation and ImageJ processing. The catalytic efficacy of ZnO nanoparticles was assessed by the abatement of norfloxacin at pH 10. The activity and stability of used ZnO catalyst for norfloxacin degradation were established. The recovered catalyst is reusable up to six times without activity loss. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis confirmed the presence of various intermediates. A probable reaction mechanism for degradation of norfloxacin is proposed. The ZnO-catalyzed heterogeneous Fenton process proves to be the ideal approach for the degradation of antibiotics in wastewater. Graphical abstract Herein, we report that generation of hydroxyl radical by the action of sunlight along with ZnO nanoparticles from hydrogen peroxide effectively degrades norfloxacin. Its structure has been optimized by density functional theory using Gauss view
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s41204-020-00075-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Extended author information available on the last page of the article
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Nanotechnology for Environmental Engineering
(2020) 5:13
computational software. ZnO nanoparticles have been characterized by various techniques, e.g., XRD, SEM, TEM, etc. Various intermediate products have been recognized by LCMS analysis.
Keywords Heterogeneous Fenton process · Norfloxacin · ZnO nanoparticles · Density functional theory · Photocatalysis
Introduction With the ever-increasing use of medicines, drugs, fertilizers, cosmetics and paints, the water systems are increasingly being more polluted [1]. Literature review details numerous approaches for treatment and removal of varied types of pollutants such as surfactants, pesticides, dyes and pharmaceuticals and heavy metals from water systems [2–15]. Pharmaceutical contaminants
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