Tree seedlings suffer oxidative stress but stimulate soil enzyme activity in oil sludge-contaminated soil in a species-s
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Tree seedlings suffer oxidative stress but stimulate soil enzyme activity in oil sludge‑contaminated soil in a species‑specific manner Naser Norouzi Haroni1 · Mehrdad Zarafshar2 · Ziaedin Badehian3 · Anket Sharma4 · Martin Karl‑Friedrich Bader5,6 Received: 1 December 2019 / Accepted: 26 May 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The impact of plants on soil enzymatic activity and their potential for remediation of oil-contaminated soil has been widely studied but information about tree species is scarce. Here, we used seedlings of four tree species (Ailanthus altissima Mill, Fraxinus rotundifolia Mill, Melia azedarach L. and Robinia pseudoacacia L.) to investigate rhizosphere effects on key soil enzymes (dehydrogenase, urease, alkaline and acid phosphatase) and to evaluate oxidative stress in response to oil sludgecontaminated soil (0, 100, 200, 400 g kg−1). We observed a large species-specific stimulation of soil enzyme activity often far exceeding the figures in unplanted soil with peaks mostly occurring under low oil contamination (100 g kg−1). The strongest stimulatory effect on dehydrogenase and urease activity produced R. pseudoacacia at the low and intermediate and F. rotundifolia at the highest contamination level. No clear pattern emerged for acid phosphatase activity, which was equally stimulated by all species at the highest contamination level. Alkaline phosphatase stimulation was dominated by F. rotundifolia at the low and by R. pseudoacacia at the higher oil contamination levels. Foliar H2O2 rose significantly in a species-specific manner in response to oil contamination, triggering an upregulation of the antioxidant defence, which began to show signs of exhaustion at the highest pollution level and revealed that oxidative stress was highest in A. altissima. Our results imply that phytoremediation efforts can be optimized through carefully designed plant species assemblages aligning stimulatory effects on soil enzyme activity and oxidative stress tolerance with the severity of the oil pollution. Keywords Antioxidant enzymes · Oil sludge · Oil-soil contamination · Phytoremediation · Soil enzymes
Introduction Soil contamination by petroleum sources is one of the big challenges for ecosystem and human health. Exploitation, drilling, and accidental leakage of oil during transportation
are common causes for soil pollution (Brakorenko and Korotchenko 2016; Sajna et al. 2015; Varjani and Upasani 2017). Oil contamination has immensely negative impacts on the physicochemical and biological properties of soils (Kriksunov 2011; Osse et al. 2018). Petroleum compounds contribute to the contamination of groundwater
Communicated by DesRochers. * Mehrdad Zarafshar [email protected]
4
State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
* Ziaedin Badehian [email protected]
5
Institute for Applied Ecology, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, 34 St. Paul Street, Auckland 1010, New Zeala
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