Trends in the management of waste tyres and recent experimental approaches in the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydroc
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Trends in the management of waste tyres and recent experimental approaches in the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from rubber crumbs Motshabi Alinah Sibeko 1
&
Abiodun Olagoke Adeniji 2 & Omobola Oluranti Okoh 2 & Shanganyane Percy Hlangothi 1
Received: 7 December 2019 / Accepted: 11 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The health and environmental consciousness of waste tires has increased tremendously over the years. This has motivated efforts to develop secondary applications that will utilize tire when they reach the end of their life cycle and limit their disposal in landfills. Among the applications of waste tires which are discussed in this review, the use of rubber crumbs in artificial turf fields has gained worldwide attention and is increasing annually. However, there are serious concerns regarding chemicals that are used in the manufacturing process of tires, which ultimately end up in rubber crumbs. Chemicals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and heavy metals which are found in rubber crumbs have been identified as harmful to human health and the environment. This review paper is intended to highlight some of the methods which have been used to manage waste tire; it also looks at chemicals/materials used in tire compounding which are identified as possible carcinogenic. Keywords Waste tires . Rubber crumbs . Artificial turfs . Process oil . Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Introduction Rubber can be traced as far back as the early 1490s. In its natural form, rubber is soft, sticky, has poor mechanical properties, and is not durable. In 1839, the vulcanization process was developed to overcome such limitations (Ciesielski 1999) (Treloar 1975). Vulcanization is a process where molecules of either rubber, polymers, or macromolecules, containing Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues Highlights • Challenges regarding landfilling of waste tires and adopted management strategies • Information on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from waste tires was reviewed • Possible leaching or volatilization of PAHs from rubber crumbs from turf fields • Extraction and purification methods of PAHs from rubber crumbs samples * Motshabi Alinah Sibeko [email protected] 1
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 1600, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa
2
Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa
repeating units, are crosslinked at high temperatures (130– 190 °C) (Lee et al. 2017) in the presence of either (i) rhombic sulfur and an accelerator, (ii) sulfur donors, (iii) organic peroxide, or (iv) metal oxides to form three-dimensional structures. Generally, the formed crosslinks can be carbon-carbon (C–C) crosslinks and sulfidic (C–Sn–C) crosslinks. Sulfidic crosslinks can form crosslinks with various length, namely, (i) monosulfidic (C–S–C), (ii) disulfidic (C–S2–C), and (iii) polysulfidic (C–Sx–C, x = ≥ 3) crosslinks. The sulfur vulca
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