Trophic Conditions Influence Widespread Distribution of Aster-Like Nanoparticles Within Aquatic Environments
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Trophic Conditions Influence Widespread Distribution of Aster-Like Nanoparticles Within Aquatic Environments Maxime Fuster 1 & Hermine Billard 1 & Marie Mandart 1 & Johannes Steiger 2 & Télesphore Sime-Ngando 1 & Jonathan Colombet 1 Received: 27 January 2020 / Accepted: 9 June 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Aster-like nanoparticles (ALNs) are newly described femto-entities. Their ecology (e.g., geographic distribution, spatial dynamic, preferences, forcing factors) is still unknown. Here, we report that these entities, which have largely been ignored until now, can develop or maintain themselves in most aquatic environments in the Loire River catchment, France. We observed a significant influence of the trophic state on ALN ecological distributions. A positive relationship between prokaryotic abundance and ALN (r2 = 0.72, p < 0.01) has been identified, but its exact nature remains to be clarified. Combined with their ubiquitous distribution and high abundances (up to 7.9 × 106 ALNs mL−1) recorded in our samples, this probably makes ALNs an overlooked functional component in aquatic ecosystems. Keywords Femtoplankton . ALNs . Aquatic environment . Widespread distribution
The discovery of the importance of extracellular vesicles [1], bacteria CPR (Candidate Phyla Radiation), archaea DPANN (Diapherotrites, Parvarchaeota, Aenigmarchaeota, Nanoarchaeota, Nanohaloarchaea) [2, 3], and “biomimetic mineralo-organic particles” [4] permitted to reconsider the diversity and ecological role of the femtoplankton, hitherto confined to the sole viruses, some < 0.2 μm filterable prokaryotes [5]. The recent discovery of “aster like nanoparticles” (ALNs) in pelagic aquatic environments showed that the femtoplankton still hosts many unknown and undervalued entities [6]. In a previous, unprecedented study on these entities, the authors have shown that ALNs are amorphous star-shaped entities suspected to be organic in nature (composed mainly of carbon, oxygen, calcium and nitrogen with traces of potassium). Pleomorphic, these entities Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-020-01541-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Jonathan Colombet [email protected] 1
Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes : Genome, Environnement (LMGE), 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
2
Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, GEOLAB, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
present three main morphotypes, with 4, 11, and 20 arms, and a reduced biovolume, lower than of the smallest known prokaryote. These original characteristics, combined with their sensitivity to biocidal treatments and their ability to grow in the absence of cells, raise questions about their exact nature and origin [6]. Their high seasonal abundances (up to 9.0 ± 0.5 × 107 entities·mL−1), in the range of virus-like particles, may exceed those of prokaryotes by up to about one order of magnitude [6]. Added to obser
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