Two-stage cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris using light and salt stress conditions for simultaneous production of lipid,
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Two-stage cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris using light and salt stress conditions for simultaneous production of lipid, carotenoids, and antioxidants Hamdy Elsayed Ahmed Ali 1 & Eman A. El-fayoumy 2 & Wessam E. Rasmy 3 & Ramadan M. Soliman 4 & Mohd Azmuddin Abdullah 5 Received: 28 April 2020 / Revised and accepted: 19 October 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The effects of light and salt stress (NaCl and MgCl2) on the two-stage cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris, with or without a medium replacement, for the simultaneous production of lipid, carotenoids, and antioxidant compounds were investigated. The highest lipid productivity (15.59 ± 0.10 mg L−1 day−1) was obtained at 5 g L−1 MgCl2 and 140 μmol photons m−2 s−1 light intensity. The saturated fatty acids (SFA) ranged from 52.35–81.64%, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) from 7.38–34.26%, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from 7.25–25.10%, with palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), and oleic (C18:1) acids as predominant fatty acids. Under high light intensity and nitrogen limitation in the two-stage cultivation, supplementation of 10 g L−1 NaCl with a medium replacement caused a marked increase in the total carotenoids (4.37 ± 0.33 μg mL−1). Cultivation of C. vulgaris in a medium containing 5 g L−1 NaCl or Mg Cl2, with or without a medium replacement step and with exposure to 140 μmol photons m−2 s−1 light intensity, led to enhanced antioxidant activities (65–79%). The different levels of antioxidant activities of the C. vulgaris extracts suggested the variation in the phytochemical compounds, a result of the stressed conditions. Keywords Chlorella vulgaris . Two-stage cultivation . Salt stress . Lipid . Carotenoids . Phytochemical compounds
Introduction Microalgae are the major producers of lipids, essential fatty acids, carbohydrates, hormones, recombinant proteins, and pigments such as the chlorophylls and carotenoids in the biotechnology and food industries. Therefore, microalgal cultivation is an attractive option for biochemical production with diverse applications in bioenergy, bioremediation, and * Mohd Azmuddin Abdullah [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Radiation Microbiology, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt
2
Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
3
Production Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
4
Process Development Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
5
Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
nutraceutical and biopharmaceutical industries (Borowitzka and Moheimani 2013; Khan et al. 2018; Grubišić et al. 2 01 9; A b d u l l a h a n d H u s s e i n 2 02 0 ) . M i c r o al ga e (Chlorophyta) are superior to the land plants (Streptophyta) as efficient sources of biofuels and bioproducts as they can produce neutral lip
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