Effects of Sulfamethoxazole Exposure on the Growth, Antioxidant System of Chlorella vulgaris and Microcystis aeruginosa
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Effects of Sulfamethoxazole Exposure on the Growth, Antioxidant System of Chlorella vulgaris and Microcystis aeruginosa Xiaotong Dong1,2 · Shaohua Sun2 · Ruibao Jia2 · Lirong Xu1 · Wei Hou2 · Nannan Lu2 · Mingquan Wang2 · Qinghua Zhao2 · Li’an Hou3 Received: 24 April 2020 / Accepted: 24 July 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) is a kind of sulfonamides antibiotic, which is widely used in human life. This study investigated the effects of SMZ on physiological and biochemical indexes of Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) and Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) for 35-day. The results showed that SMZ inhibited the growth and Chl-a content of C. vulgaris and M. aeruginosa, and growth inhibition rate was 8.06%–95.86%, Chl-a content decreased 2.44%–98.04%. SMZ resulting in increased SOD and CAT activity and destroyed the dynamic balance of antioxidant system. In addition, SMZ increased the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in algae, destroyed the cell membrane to a certain extent, which was 1.8–7.3 folds higher than the control group. High concentration of SMZ can make algae cells exceed the limit of cell antioxidant capacity. Coupled with the serious damage of cell membrane, algae cells begin to appear a large number of death phenomenon. Keywords Sulfamethoxazole · Growth inhibition rate · Antioxidant capacity · Lipid peroxidation Since the discovery of penicillin by British bacteriologist Alexander Fleming in 1928, antibiotics have been widely used in medical, aquaculture, animal husbandry and other fields, and also have made important contributions to the development of human society (Michael et al. 2013). The antibiotics consumption have been estimated worldwide to be 100,000–200,000 t per annum (Xu et al. 2016). The antibiotics are obtained by chemical synthesis or chemical modification of natural compounds, most of which are nonbiodegradable (Li et al. 2010). Antibiotics are incompletely absorbed in body, so some of them are excreted in the form of metabolic products (Rachna et al. 2019). Therefore, a variety of antibiotics have been detected in sewage, surface, ground and even drinking water with concentrations ranging from ng/L to µg/L (Yang et al. 2017). Among them, the detection rate and concentration of sulfonamides in water * Shaohua Sun [email protected] 1
School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, People’s Republic of China
2
Shandong(Jinan) Water & Waste Water Monitoring Center, Jinan 250101, People’s Republic of China
3
Institute for Logistic Science and Technology of the PLA Rocket Force, Beijing 100011, People’s Republic of China
environment were higher. Li et al detected high levels of sulfanilamide antibiotics in Baiyangdian Lake water, ranging from 0.86 to 1563 ng/L. Sulfonamide antibiotics were also detected in groundwater in a certain area of Germany, with the highest concentration of 1100 ng/L. Therefore, the ecological risk antibiotic pollution to aquatic ecosystem
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