Use of a trench adjacent to a shallow foundation as a mitigation measure for hazards associated with reverse faulting
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RESEARCH PAPER
Use of a trench adjacent to a shallow foundation as a mitigation measure for hazards associated with reverse faulting Vahid Sadra1 • Abbas Ghalandarzadeh1 • Mehdi Ashtiani2 Received: 5 March 2019 / Accepted: 24 February 2020 Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Evidence from recent earthquakes reminds us that fault-induced permanent ground displacement has a devastating effect on structures in addition to damage caused by wave propagation. Studies have shown that new mitigation measures should be employed to decrease the hazards associated with surface faulting on structures in active fault zones. In this study, the performance of a vertical trench in mitigating the hazards associated with reverse faulting on shallow foundations was investigated using centrifuge model tests. The trench was filled with highly compressible and low shear strength material. The parameters of structural distress, fault-induced rotation and displacement of a shallow foundation were considered when investigating the performance of the trench. The trench was able to significantly decrease the rotation of the foundation and the level of damage to the foundation and superstructure induced by reverse fault rupture. The depth required for the trench in order to divert fault rupture away from the foundation was determined using a simplified analytical model. Keywords Centrifuge modeling Mitigation measure Reverse faulting Shallow foundation Vertical trench
1 Introduction Ground shaking due to wave propagation and fault-induced permanent ground deformation are the main effects of earthquakes. The variety of structures that have been damaged by large tectonic displacement resulting from the 1999 earthquakes in Turkey and Taiwan and the 2008 earthquake in China has increased the attention of the engineering community on this subject. The structures located in the vicinity of fault rupture outcropping on the ground surface have experienced different levels of damage [17, 24]. Field observations [10, 13, 17, 31, 34], experimental studies [1, 2, 7, 16, 22], analytical models [8, 32, 36] and numerical analyses [3, 4, 11, 20, 26, 27] have revealed the devastating effects of surface faulting on
& Abbas Ghalandarzadeh [email protected] 1
School of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran
foundation–structure systems and the parameters affecting fault rupture–foundation interaction. Significant effort has been performed to recognize the behavior of a foundation under large tectonic dislocation and identify the performance of mitigation measures designed to decrease the hazards associated with surface faulting. The design codes and guidelines suggest setback criteria to prohibit the construction of buildings located over active or potentially active faults. However, evidence from past earthquakes has demonstrated that fault de
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