User-defined semantics for the design of IoT systems enabling smart interactive experiences
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
User-defined semantics for the design of IoT systems enabling smart interactive experiences Carmelo Ardito 1 & Giuseppe Desolda 2 & Rosa Lanzilotti 2 & Alessio Malizia 3,4 & Maristella Matera 5 Antonio Piccinno 2
&
Paolo Buono 2 &
Received: 16 December 2019 / Accepted: 5 September 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Automation in computing systems has always been considered a valuable solution to unburden the user. Internet of Things (IoT) technology best suits automation in different domains, such as home automation, retail, industry, and transportation, to name but a few. While these domains are strongly characterized by implicit user interaction, more recently, automation has been adopted also for the provision of interactive and immersive experiences that actively involve the users. IoT technology thus becomes the key for Smart Interactive Experiences (SIEs), i.e., immersive automated experiences created by orchestrating different devices to enable smart environments to fluidly react to the final users’ behavior. There are domains, e.g., cultural heritage, where these systems and the SIEs can support and provide several benefits. However, experts of such domains, while intrigued by the opportunity to induce SIEs, are facing tough challenges in their everyday work activities when they are required to automate and orchestrate IoT devices without the necessary coding skills. This paper presents a design approach that tries to overcome these difficulties thanks to the adoption of ontologies for defining Event-Condition-Action rules. More specifically, the approach enables domain experts to identify and specify properties of IoT devices through a user-defined semantics that, being closer to the domain experts’ background, facilitates them in automating the IoT devices behavior. We also present a study comparing three different interaction paradigms conceived to support the specification of user-defined semantics through a “transparent” use of ontologies. Based on the results of this study, we work out some lessons learned on how the proposed paradigms help domain experts express their semantics, which in turn facilitates the creation of interactive applications enabling SIEs. Keywords Internet of Things . Smart Interactive Experiences . End-User Development of IoT interactive systems . Trigger-action programming . Ontologies . User study
1 Introduction
* Maristella Matera [email protected] 1
Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
2
Computer Science Department, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
3
School of Creative Arts, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
4
Molde University College, Molde, Norway
5
Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20134 Milan, Italy
Automated systems have their roots in the field of automation, which has been defined by the Britannica encyclopedia as the applic
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