Vertebrate Flight Mechanics, Physiology, Morphology, Ecology and Evo

It has been great fun to write this book, even though it has taken longer than planned, and occasionally been exasperating. The most difficult problem was deciding what to exclude among so many interesting things, because the available material usually ex

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Volume 27

Editors S.D. Bradshaw W Burggren H.C. Heller S. Ishii H. Langer G. Neuweiler D. J. Randall

Zoophysiology Volumes already published in the series: Volume 1: P.I. Bentley Endocrines and Osmoregulation (1971) Volume 2: L. Irving Arctic Life of Birds and Mammals Including Man (1972) Volume 3: A. E. Needham The Significance of Zoochromes (1974) Volume 4/5: A. C. Neville Biology of the Arthropod Cuticle (1975) Volume 6: K. Schmidt-Koenig Migration and Homing in Animals (1975) Volume 7: E. Curio The Ethology of-Predation (1976) Volume 8: W. Leuthold African Ungulates (1977)

Volume 15: T. Mann Spermatophores (1984) Volume 16: P. Bouverot Adaption to Altitude-Hypoxia in Vertebrates (1985) Volume 17: R.J. R Smith The Control of Fish Migration (1985) Volume 18: E. Gwinner Circannual Rhythms (1986) Volume 19: I. C. Ruegg Calcium in Muscle Activation (1986) Volume 20: l.-R. Truchot Comparative Aspects of Extracellular Acid-Base Balance (1987) Volume 21: A. Epple and I. E. Brinn The Comparative Physiology of the Pancreatic Islets (1987)

Volume 9: E. B. Edney Water Balance in Land Arthropods (1977)

Volume 22: W.H. Dantzler Comparative Physiology of the Vertebrate Kidney (1988)

Volume 10: H.-U. Thiele Carabid Beetles in Their Environments (1977)

Volume 23: G. L. Kooyman Diverse Divers (1989)

Volume 11: M.H.A. Keenleyside Diversity and Adaptation in Fish Behaviour (1979) Volume 12: E. Skadhauge Osmoregulation in Birds (1981) Volume 13: S. Nilsson Autonomic Nerve Function in the Vertebrates (1983) Volume 14:A.D. Hasler Olfactory Imprinting and Homing in Salmon (1983)

Volume 24: S. S. Guraya Ovarian Follicles in Reptiles and Birds (1989) Volume 25: G.D. Pollak and I. H. Casseday The Neural Basis of Echolocation in Bats (1989) Volume 26: G.A. Manley Peripheral Hearing Mechanisms in Reptiles and Birds (1989) Volume 27: U. M. Norberg Vertebrate Flight (1989)

V.M. Norberg

Vertebrate Flight Mechanics, Physiology, Morphology, Ecology and Evolution

With 103 Figures

Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong

Dr. ULLA M. NORBERG Department of Zoology Division of Zoomorphology University of Goteborg Box 25059 S-400 31 Goteborg

ISBN-13:978-3-642-83850-7 e-ISBN-13:978-3-642-83848-4 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-83848-4 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms orin other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is only permitted under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its version of June 24, 1985, and a copyright fee must always be paid. Violations fall under the prosecution act of the German Copyright Law. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1990 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1990

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