Vibrational Spectroscopy: Disease Diagnostics and Beyond
This chapter outlines some developments in the applications of vibrational spectroscopy for disease diagnostics and demonstrates how the applications of the spectroscopic techniques can be extended to the analysis and evaluation of disease aetiology and t
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Vibrational Spectroscopy: Disease Diagnostics and Beyond Hugh J. Byrne, Kamila M. Ostrowska, Haq Nawaz, Jennifer Dorney, Aidan D. Meade, Franck Bonnier and Fiona M. Lyng
Abstract This chapter outlines some developments in the applications of vibrational spectroscopy for disease diagnostics and demonstrates how the applications of the spectroscopic techniques can be extended to the analysis and evaluation of disease aetiology and the mechanisms of interaction with and the cellular and subcellular responses to, for example, chemotherapeutic agents and nanoparticles. The primary emphasis is on Raman spectroscopy, although some examples are based on infrared absorption spectroscopy. The studies presented are chosen to illustrate how a range of multivariate analytical techniques can be employed to maximize the potential benefits of the complex spectral information obtained from tissue or cells. Keywords Vibrational spectroscopy • Raman Spectroscopy • Infrared Spectroscopy • Multivariate statistical analysis • Disease diagnostics • cellular analysis • nanotoxicology • chemotherapeutics
13.1 Introduction Vibrational Spectroscopy is a subset of spectroscopy which analyses vibrations within a molecule (or material). The vibrations are characteristic of the molecular structure and, in polyatomic molecules, give rise to a spectroscopic “fingerprint”. The spectrum of vibrational energies can thus be employed to characterise a molecular structure, or changes to it due to the local environment or external factors (e.g. radiation, chemical agents). Vibrational energies fall within the mid Infrared (IR) region of the electromagnetic spectrum and are commonly probed through IR absorption spectroscopy. Following the discovery of IR radiation by Herschel in 1800 [1], initial applications of Infrared absorption spectroscopy were limited to astronomy and astrophysics [2]. In material sciences, significant advances were made by 1900 when Abney and Festing recorded spectra for 52 compounds, correlating H. J. Byrne () · K. M. Ostrowska · H. Nawaz · J. Dorney · A. D. Meade F. Bonnier · F. M. Lyng Focas Research Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology, Camden Row, Dublin 8 Ireland e-mail: [email protected] M. Baranska (ed.), Optical Spectroscopy and Computational Methods in Biology and Medicine, Challenges and Advances in Computational Chemistry and Physics 14, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-7832-0_13, © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014
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absorption bands with molecular structures [3]. Coblentz helped establish IR spectroscopy as a routine analytical tool, cataloguing the spectra of hundreds of substances, both organic and inorganic [3]. Technological developments post world war II aided considerably in establishing IR spectroscopy as a routine laboratory characterisation technique, but none more so than the development of commercial Fourier Transform IR (FTIR) spectrometers in the 1960s and 1970s [4, 5] and FTIR microscopes in the late 1980s [6]. IR spectroscopy is now a routine technique for ma
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