Wastewater treatment of food industries through constructed wetland: a review
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REVIEW
Wastewater treatment of food industries through constructed wetland: a review S. Sehar1 · H. A. A. Nasser2 Received: 10 April 2019 / Revised: 25 June 2019 / Accepted: 9 July 2019 © Islamic Azad University (IAU) 2019
Abstract Constructed wetland (CW) is reliable technology for a range of wastewater treatment generated through various sources. Contrary to traditional wastewater treatment technologies, CW is an environment friendly and profitable approach with less personal supervision requirements. Moreover, CW has been successfully implemented for diverse agriculture and industrial sectors for sewage or municipal wastewater treatment. In this review, recent developments in constructed wetlands related to various food industries such as seafood-processing industry, olive mill industry, dairy, alcohol fermentation industry and abattoir industry at both laboratory- and pilot-scale levels are presented. It has been found that high pollutant loading rates and toxic substances can be effectively treated with CW; thus, they have great potential to be easily operative in developing countries and rural areas. Finally, some challenges that may affect the performance of CWs with some suggestions to improve their performance are also discussed. Keywords Abattoir industry · Constructed wetland · Influent · Surface loading rate · Wastewater treatment · Wineries Abbreviations CW Constructed wetland SSF-CWs Subsurface flow HF Horizontal flow VF Vertical flow FWS-CWs Free water surface constructed wetland HCW Hybrid wetland NH4+–N Ammonium nitrogen TP Total phosphorous COD Chemical oxygen demand BOD Biological oxygen demand TSS Total suspended solids NO— 3 N Nitrate nitrogen
Editorial responsibility: M. Abbaspour. * S. Sehar [email protected] 1
School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir, Bahrain
2
Introduction Water being the major necessity of life is facing global crisis of scarcity, ground and underground water pollution along with rapid depletion of natural water reserves. The situation is becoming more alarming due to continuous increase in population worldwide, environment unfriendly activities and the increased production of industrial discharge. Besides, various other industries discharging effluent from food-related industries (abattoir dairy, alcohol fermentation, oil mills, aquaculture and seafood-processing industry, etc.) contribute to dumping off excess nutrients and organic content in freshwater streams resulting in eutrophication of ground and surface water (Kominami and Lovell 2012). Further, such high-strength discharged effluents are pollution sources of diffuse and non-point sources, contamination of surface and groundwater, siltation and toxic to land and marine organisms, thus affecting natural ecosystem, flora and fauna, fisheries and public health (Carty et al. 2008). Therefore, strict legislations are proposed from environment
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