Novel Constructed Wetland Configurations for the Removal of Pharmaceuticals in Wastewater
Nature-based solutions such as constructed wetlands (CWs) are a cost-effective option to perform wastewater treatment. Multiple studies have already shown that common CW configurations can remove pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) from wastewater m
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tents 1 Introduction 2 Common CW Configurations Used for the Removal of PhACs 2.1 Removal of PhACs by SSFCWs 2.2 Removal of PhACs by SFCWs 2.3 Removal of PhACs with Hybrid CW Systems 3 Novel CW Approaches for Pharmaceutical Removal 3.1 Modifying the Filling Material of CWs 3.2 Enhancing the Biodegradation Capacity of CWs 3.3 CWs Combined with Other Wastewater Treatment Technologies 4 Challenges and Future Trends 5 Concluding Remarks References
Abstract Nature-based solutions such as constructed wetlands (CWs) are a costeffective option to perform wastewater treatment. Multiple studies have already shown that common CW configurations can remove pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) from wastewater mainly due to sorption, biodegradation, and photodegradation processes. Even so, recent research has proposed novel CW configurations to improve PhAC removal. This chapter will review existing studies on the three following novel CW approaches: (1) CWs’ filling material modification, (2) biodegradation enhancement, and (3) integration of CWs with intensive wastewater treatment technologies. Waste-to-product filling materials such as biochar and cork can be used to enhance CWs’ adsorption capacities. On the other side, biodegradation can be improved by incorporating microbial fuel cells, forced aeration, or
M. Escolà Casas (*) and V. Matamoros Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain e-mail: [email protected] Sara Rodriguez-Mozaz, Paqui Blánquez Cano, and Montserrat Sarrà Adroguer (eds.), Removal and Degradation of Pharmaceutically Active Compounds in Wastewater Treatment, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_681, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
M. Escolà Casas and V. Matamoros
bioaugmentation technologies into CWs. Finally, combinations of CWs with intensive wastewater treatments may offer a wider range of biodegradation pathways for PhACs and a reduction of the resulting transformation products (TPs). Future research on CWs should include the monitoring of TPs, a higher number of PhACs, ecotoxicological effects, and antimicrobial resistance. In addition, one of the main limitations of CW technology is still the high surface area required, which may be solved by future studies combining novel CW technologies. Keywords Bioaugmentation, Constructed wetlands, Filling material, Forced aeration, Microbial fuel cells, Pharmaceuticals
1 Introduction Constructed wetlands (CWs) are probably one of the clearest examples of a naturebased solution for wastewater treatment. Wetlands have been involved in the treatment of the wastewater since humans started to discharge sewage into the environment [1]. However, it was not until the early 1950 that artificial wetlands started to be built to treat wastewater [2]. During the last decades, CWs were developed into fully engineered systems, and nowadays they are defined as a sustainable, low-cost, robust, and efficient wastewater treatment technology which, unlike other technologies, provides ecosystem services [1]. Among these ecosystem services, CWs support an
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