Wettability alteration and enhanced gas condensate recovery by treatment of carbonate reservoir rock using supercritical
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ORIGINAL PAPER-PRODUCTION ENGINEERING
Wettability alteration and enhanced gas condensate recovery by treatment of carbonate reservoir rock using supercritical R134A and R404A gases Iman Nowrouzi1 · Abbas Khaksar Manshad2,3 · Amir H. Mohammadi1 Received: 18 March 2020 / Accepted: 11 September 2020 / Published online: 27 September 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The pressure drop around the well in the production from a gas condensate reservoir causes the formation of condensate in the area before it reaches the well and surface space. This condensate and occasionally water in the porous medium can block the well and create an additional pressure drop. Studies show that the chemical treatment of this area eliminates the problem by altering the reservoir rock wettability toward a moderate and strong gasphilicity. For this purpose, fluoropolymers-, fluorosurfactants-, and fluorochemicals-coated nanoparticles can be used. In this work, we have studied two types of fluoride gas namely R134A and R404A, which are widely used in refrigeration industry as refrigerant gases, perfumery, and industrial detergents. The basis of this study was the aging of rock samples in thin sections and plugs in these two gases at different pressures above the critical pressures of them at 70 °C at different times and then conducting the contact angle experiments by placing the drop of water and condensate on the cross sections and then performing imbibition tests using plugs. The results show that in addition to the efficiency of both gases in wettability alteration to gasphilic, the gasphilic intensity obtained at constant temperature depends on the pressure and the aging time of the samples. Keywords Gas condensate · Liquid blockage · R134A · R404A · Gasphilicity · Wettability
Introduction Reservoirs with temperatures between the critical temperature and the maximum reservoir temperature are a unique type of hydrocarbon accumulation known as gas condensate reservoirs. In these reservoirs, the process of condensate production is based on certain thermodynamic behavior, in which the reverse behavior occurs by decreasing the pressure, rather than expanding the gas or liquid evaporation * Abbas Khaksar Manshad [email protected] * Amir H. Mohammadi [email protected] 1
Discipline of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, King George V Avenue, Durban 4041, South Africa
2
Department of Petroleum Engineering, Abadan Faculty of Petroleum Engineering, Petroleum University of Technology (PUT), Abadan, Iran
3
Department of Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Soran University, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
(Ahmed 2006; Mohammadi et al., 2012). The drop, in production pressure around the well in this type of reservoir, causes a two-phase flow due to the fluidization of a portion of the gas in this area (Arabloo et al. 2013; Kamari et al. 2016; Najafi-Marghmaleki et al. 2016, 2018). This twophase flow grows by moving the pressure profile toward the center of the pro
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