White Spruce [Picea glauca (Moench) Voss] and Black Spruce [Picea mariana (Mill) B.S.P.]
The genus Picea, the spruces, is a member of the family Pinaceae, the largest family of conifers. There are about 40 species of spruce (Safford 1974), found principally in north temperate regions of Europe, Asia, and North America. Picea glauca (Moench) V
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Volume 1: Trees I (1986) Volume 2: Crops I (1986) Volume 3: Potato (1987) Volume 4: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants I (1988) Volume 5: Trees II (1989) Volume 6: Crops II (1988) Volume 7: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants II (1989) Volume 8: Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering I (1989) Volume 9: Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering II (1989) Volume 10: Legumes and Oilseed Crops I (1990) Volume 11: Somaclonal Variation in Crop Improvement I (1990) Volume 12: Haploids in Crop Improvement I (1990) Volume 13: Wheat (1990) Volume 14: Rice (1991) Volume 15: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants III (1991) Volume 16: Trees III (1991) Volumes in preparation
Volume 17: High-Tech and Micropropagation I Volume 18: High-Tech and Micropropagation II Volume 19: High-Tech and Micropropagation III Volume 20: High-Tech and Micropropagation IV Volume 21: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants IV
Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry 16
Trees III Edited by Y.P. S. Bajaj
With 179 Figures
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
Professor Dr. Y. P. S. BAJAJ A-137 New Friends Colony New Delhi 110065, India
ISBN 978-3-642-08093-7 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publieation Data. Trees III I edited by Y. P. S. Bajaj. p. "m. -- (Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry ; 16) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-3-642-08093-7 ISBN 978-3-662-13231-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-13231-9 1. Tree crops- ·-Propagation--In vitro. 2. Trees--·Propagation--In vitro. 1. Bajaj, Y. P. S., 1936- . II. Title: Trees 3. III. Title: Trees three. IV. Series. SBI70.T726 1991 634.9-· -de20 90-10338 CIP This work is subject to copyright. Al! rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifical!y the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is only permitted under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and a copyright fee must always be paid. Violations fal! under the prosecution act of the German Copyright Law. 'l) Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1991
Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1991 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting: International Typesetters Inc., Makati, Philippines 31/3145-543210 - Printed on acid-free paper
Dedicated to Dr. Sarabjit Arora
Preface
Trees have a variety of uses. As a source of food they provide fruit, roots, and leaves for humans and animals. They also serve as a source of fuel and bioenergy and find use as medicines and ornamentals. For reforestation, fruit production, and rapid turnover of biomass energy they are needed in large numbers. Therefore en masse clonal propagation of elite t
