100 Years of Enzyme Immobilization
The concept of changing freely moving enzymes (in the solvent) into a fixed state with movement possible only at its active site came at the beginning of 1916. It was provided by various reports emphasizing the role of the enzymatic portion beyond the act
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100 Years of Enzyme Immobilization
1.1 Introduction The concept of changing freely moving enzymes (in the solvent) into a fixed state with movement possible only at the active site came at the beginning of 1916. It was provided by various reports emphasizing the role of the enzymatic portion beyond the active site during catalysis. Those portions are required for the maintenance of the actual shape and orientation of the active site to allow the enzyme to accurately fit with the substrate and carry out catalysis [1, 2]. The invertase was the first enzyme to be immobilized onto matrices such as charcoal and aluminium hydroxide in late 1916. Immobilized invertase had exhibited a similar activity to that of its soluble state [3]. This discovery provided the basis for the currently available enzyme immobilization techniques. During the early days (before the 1940s), available immobilization techniques were based on using a very high amount of enzyme as compared with matrix. This constricted the use of immobilization for all enzymes, especially those not available in large quantities. There are more than 10,000 publications (Fig. 1.1) and a number of patents that have been published based on enzyme immobilization, including immobilization techniques, matrices and applications, and more will be published in the future. There are various immobilized enzymes that have been commercialized for various applications. Enzymes such as penicillin G acylase, invertase, lipases and proteases are being implicated in various large-scale processes [4]. Even though enzyme immobilization has come a long way, it is still a subject for research as shown by the number of published research and review articles working on its various aspects. The year 2010 is thought of as wondrous in the field of enzyme immobilization since there were about 200 articles that were published in the first 6 months, as per PubMed database. Enzyme immobilization has made enzymes a commercially valuable biomolecule due to various additional properties such as © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 A. Dwevedi, Enzyme Immobilization, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-41418-8_1
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1 100 Years of Enzyme Immobilization
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Total Number of Publications
2000
1600
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0 1916 -1935
1936 -1955
1956 -1975
1976 -1995
1996 -2016
Fig. 1.1 Publication of articles (research and review) on enzyme immobilization (PubMed)
higher stability, more reusability, longer storage time, a broader range of activities in the presence of various physical and chemical factors, and easier product recovery. Enzymes can be attached to almost any solid support that is inert, organic, inorganic or insoluble material. The technology of immobilized enzymes has evolved significantly during the last 100 years but still it is known as a technique of trial and error, as there are many attached queries that remain unanswered. There is no field where the immobilized enzymes do not have an application. It has become a crucial part of our daily life. Recent evolution of nanotechnolo
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