1H NMR Metabolomic Profiling of Human and Animal Blood Serum Samples
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy techniques allow the acquisition of a large amount of data and when combined with multivariate statistical analysis, it is possible to process and interpret the obtained NMR data in accordance with the biologi
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H NMR Metabolomic Profiling of Human and Animal Blood Serum Samples João G.M. Pontes, Antonio J.M. Brasil, Guilherme C.F. Cruz, Rafael N. de Souza, and Ljubica Tasic Abstract Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy techniques allow the acquisition of a large amount of data and when combined with multivariate statistical analysis, it is possible to process and interpret the obtained NMR data in accordance with the biological problem being investigated. In this chapter, the search for biologically relevant biomarkers is addressed using NMR spectroscopy-based metabolomics, due to their clinical relevance for either diagnosis or monitoring of diseases and disorders. Key words Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Metabolomics, Serum, Chemometrics, Biomarkers
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Introduction The search for biomarkers that characterize metabolic conditions, disorders or diseases, has grown in the last years. Biotechnology tools such as genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics are the most used techniques to find biomarkers [1–3] and are complementary to each other. Metabolomics is a scientific approach that allows qualitative and quantitative identification of metabolites. Metabolites are products of cellular metabolic pathways. The first researchers to use the term “metabolome” to designate the set of all low-molecular-mass compounds synthesized by an organism were Oliver et al. in 1998 [4]. However, it was only in 2002 that Fiehn suggested the classification of analytical approaches and, thus, introduced the word “metabolomics” [4–6]. Metabolomics brought to science a new perspective for diseases diagnosis, since biofluids can be collected noninvasively and in small amounts, as is the case for urine and blood sampling. These biofluids are useful because they reflect the biochemical status of an organism and the potential homeostasis changes [7].
Paul C. Guest (ed.), Multiplex Biomarker Techniques: Methods and Applications, Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 1546, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-6730-8_24, © Springer Science+Business Media LLC 2017
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With non-destructive analysis, easier sample preparation, and selective experiments for biological samples, NMR has some advantages in analysis of biofluids compared to other techniques such as those based on mass spectrometry (MS). Although MS is more sensitive and requires only small sample amounts, the analysis is destructive [8]. NMR data interpretation sometimes can be simpler when compared to MS. However, a two-dimensional (2D) NMR analyses are needed for complex samples because they give more details about sample composition. Besides, there are more data indexed in databases, which provide more accurate and reliable analysis. However, 2D spectra acquisition requires a longer procedure, when compared to one-dimensional (1D) methods [8]. The NMR applications in metabolomics are based on the identification of small and macromolecules that caused group separation, which are present in one and absent in other group, or have different concentrations in the investigate
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