3D Printed PLA/PCL/TiO 2 Composite for Bone Replacement and Grafting
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MRS Advances © 2018 Materials Research Society DOI: 10.1557/adv.2018.375
3D Printed PLA/PCL/TiO2 Composite for Bone Replacement and Grafting Sandra E. Nájera1,2, Monica Michel1,2, Nam-Soo Kim1,2,* 1
Metallurgical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering Department, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
2
Printing Nano Engineering Lab, Metallurgical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering Department, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
ABSTRACT
Polymer composites of Polylactic acid (PLA) and poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL), containing small amounts of titanium oxide (TiO2) were developed for biomedical applications. These composite materials were prepared, and then printed using Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). 3D printed structures were characterized to determine their mechanical properties and biocompatibility. DSC analysis yielded useful information regarding the immiscibility of the different polymers, and it was observed that the particles of TiO 2 improved the stability of the polymers. The ultimate tensile strength and the fracture strain increased by adding TiO 2 as a filler, resulting in values of approximately 45 MPa and 5.5 % elongation. The printed composites show excellent in vitro biocompatibility including cell proliferation and adhesion, and are therefore promising candidates to be used in the biomedical field for bone replacement procedures, due to their properties similar to those of cancellous bone.
INTRODUCTION Additive layer manufacturing (ALM) is a technology that has been growing rapidly as it has many advantages over conventional manufacturing methods. Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is one technology available in the industry, in schools for educational purposes and it is used at home settings. 3D printing has had an impact in the biomedical field since it provides benefits such as customization of products, costeffectiveness, and most importantly because it is possible to create complex structures, making it ideal for patient-specific devices. In the field of tissue engineering, bone grafting has become necessary due to diseases such as arthritis, traumatic injuries, and surgery for bone tumors that are very common, especially in the senior population. With 3D printing technology, the complex nature of the bones with its different porosity areas (cortical and cancellous) can be recreated. The selection of the materials to be used is critical, because whether the bone replacement will be permanent or temporary, and depending on the application and size of the defect, the properties of the bone should be replicated. Mechanical properties of
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human bone such as the ultimate tensile strength and modulus of elasticity are 60 ~ 120 MPa and 7 ~ 25 GPa, respectively for compact bones [1-2]. Polymer biomaterials can be natural such
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