A Current Overview of Scaffold-Based Bone Regeneration Strategies with Dental Stem Cells
Bone defects due to trauma or diseases still pose a clinical challenge to be resolved in the current tissue engineering approaches. As an alternative to traditional methods to restore bone defects, such as autografts, bone tissue engineering aims to achie
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A Current Overview of Scaffold-Based Bone Regeneration Strategies with Dental Stem Cells P{nar Ercal and Gorke Gurel Pekozer Abstract
Keywords
Bone defects due to trauma or diseases still pose a clinical challenge to be resolved in the current tissue engineering approaches. As an alternative to traditional methods to restore bone defects, such as autografts, bone tissue engineering aims to achieve new bone formation via novel biomaterials used in combination with multipotent stem cells and bioactive molecules. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be successfully isolated from various dental tissues at different stages of development including dental pulp, apical papilla, dental follicle, tooth germ, deciduous teeth, periodontal ligament and gingiva. A wide range of biomaterials including polymers, ceramics and composites have been investigated for their potential as an ideal bone scaffold material. This article reviews the properties and the manufacturing methods of biomaterials used in bone tissue engineering, and provides an overview of bone tissue regeneration approaches of scaffold and dental stem cell combinations as well as their limitations.
Bone tissue engineering · Dental stem cells · Scaffolds
P. Ercal (*) Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery, Altinbas University, Istanbul, Turkey e-mail: [email protected] G. G. Pekozer Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Y{ld{z Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
Abbreviations ALP BCP BMP CaP COL1a1 DFSC DPSC ECM EV FGF GMSC HAp HAp/ TCP MSC PBS PCL PDLSC PEG PGA PLA PLGA PLLA PMMA SCAP
Alkaline phosphatase biphasic calcium phosphate Bone morphogenic protein Calcium phosphate Collagen type I, alpha 1 Dental follicle stem cells Dental pulp stem cells Extracellular matrix Extracellular vesicles Fibroblast growth factor Gingival mesenchymal stem cells Hydroxyapatite Hydroxyapatite tricalcium phosphate Mesenchymal stem cells Poly butylene succinate Poly (ε-caprolactone) Periodontal ligament stem cells Poly ethylene glycol Poly (glycolic acid) Poly (lactic acid) Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Poly(L-lactide) Poly(methyl methacrylate) Stem cells from apical papilla
P. Ercal and G. G. Pekozer
SHED TGSC VEGF β-TCP
1
Stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth Tooth germ stem cells Vascular endothelial growth factor Beta-tricalcium phosphate
Introduction
Bone deficiencies caused by various reasons, including localized and systemic diseases, congenital and developmental disorders, trauma, tumors or cyst resections, still constitute a challenge in clinical practice (Padial-Molina et al. 2015). Bone tissue engineering studies involve a varied array of bone regeneration approaches such as critical-sized defects to periodontal bone defects. Critical-sized defects pose challenges in clinical practice by creating a large void in bone that cannot heal itself naturally without planned reconstruction and secondary surgery (Schemitsch 2017). Although autogenous bone grafting is the gold standard for treatme
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